Anatomy and Physiology

Tissues
And
Histology
• Tissues

• A group of cells that are similar in

structure and function.

•Histology
• Is the microscope study of tissue structure.
Four Primary Tissue Types
• Epithelium – covering
• Connective – support
• Muscle – movement
• Nervous - control
•Epithelial Tissue
• Is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue
of the body.
• It is found virtually everywhere both inside
and outside of the body. It forms layers
that cover the surfaces and line the hollow
organs of our body.
Ex. of Hollow Organ
Parts of Epithelial Tissues
Functions of Epithelia
• Protection
• Acting as a barrier
• Permitting the passage of substances
• Secretions
• Absorption
Classifications of
Epithelium
• By cell arrangement
• Simple Epithelium – one cell layer
• Stratified Epithelium – more than one cell layer.
• Pseudostratiffied columnar epithelium- Modification of simple epithelium.
•By Shape
• Squamous – flattened like fish scales
• Cuboidal – cube-shaped like dice
• Columnar – like columns
• Simple Epithelia are most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.

 Simple Squamous Epithelium is a single layer of thin flat cells resting on a

basement membrane.
 Usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by
rapid diffusion occurs.
 It is in the air sacs of the lungs, where epithelium also forms the serosa.
• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium which is one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a
basement membrane, is common in glands and their ducts.
• Simple Columnar Epithelium is made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit
closely together.
• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
• rest on a basement membrane and mainly functions in absorption and secretion.
 A ciliated variety more precisely called Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium lines most of the respiratory tract.
 Goblet cells produce a lubricating mucus often seen in this type of epithelium.
 Lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus.
 Mucous membrane line body cavities open to the body exterior.
Transitional Epithelium
is a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the
lining of only a few organs – urinary bladder, ureters and part of the
urethra (needs considerable stretching).
• Stratified Epithelia consist of two or more cell layers and more durable so they
function primarily to protect.
 Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar Epithelia
 are both rare in the body, being found mainly in the ducts of large glands.
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium is the most common, usually consist of several
layers of cells.
 Found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse or friction such as esophagus,
the mouth and the outer portion of the skin.
• 2 Types of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

 Keratinized - the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced

by protien called Keratin, and the cells are
dead.

 Nonkeratinized - has a moist surface and the cells retain a

nucleus and cytoplasm.
 Cell Connections
 Tight junctions- are cell connection structures that form barriers and anchor cells to each other
 Adhesion belts- are found just below the tight junctions, and help the tight juntions anchor the epithelial cells to each
others.
 Desmosomes- cell structures that mechanically bind epitheal cells together.
 Hemidosomes- that bind cells to the basement membrane
 Gap junctions- consist of groups of channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an
adjacent one.
Glands
Are composed of epithelium supported by a network of
connective tissue.

2 Major Types of Glands

• Endocrine Glands- produce chemicals called hormones and
often called ductless glands.
• Exocrine Glands- produce a wide variety of prodcuts such as
saliva, sweat and digestive tract secretion.
Glands
3 Major Categories Of Exocrine Glands
• Unicellular- exocrine glands that are composed of
only a single cell.
• Simple Glands- multicellular Glands that have a
single, non branched duct.
• Compound Glands -multicellular glands that have
several branches ducts.
3 Major Categories Of Exocrine Glands
• Unicellular- exocrine glands that are composed of
only a single cell.
• Simple Glands- multicellular Glands that have a
single, non branched duct.
• Compound Glands -multicellular glands that have
several branches ducts.
 Ex. Of Simple Glands
• Simple tubular- glands forming a straight tube
• Simple branched tubular- gland with several tubular secretory portions branching from the single
duct.
• Simple acinar- glands with a single sacklike secretory portion
• Simple branched acinar- gland with several acinar secretory portions branching from the single
duct.
• Ex. Of Compound Glands
• Compound Tubular- glands with multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular
secretory portion
• Compound Acinar- glands with multiple ducts, each with several saclike secretory
portions
• Compounds branched acinar- glands with multiple ducts, each with a tubular and
acinar secretory portions
• Modes of Secretion by Exocrine Glands
• Mecocrine- is the release of secretory products through exocytosis, mecrocrine
secretion is is used by goblet cells temperature sensitive sweat glands, and the
exorine portion of the pancreas.
• Aprocrine- is the release of secretory products when a point of portion of the free
epithelial cell pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic contents.
• Holocrine- is the release of secretory products through shedding of entire cells.
• Connective Tissue
• Connective Tissues- a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ
of the body.
• Functions of Connective Tissues
• Enclosing and separating of other tissues- Sheets of connective tissue form capsules around organs,
such as the liver and kidneys. Connective tisseue also forms layers that separate tissues and organs.
• Connecting tissues to one another- connective tissues that attach muscles to bone, and ligments are
connective tissues bands that holds the bones togethere.
• Supporting and moving part of the body- provdes rigid support for the body, and semirigid cartilage
supports structures, such as the nose, ears, and the surfaces of the joints.
• Storing compunds- Adiphose tissue(fat) stores high energy molecules to the bones store minerals,
such as calcium and phosphate.
• Cushioning and insulting- Adiphose cushions and protective tissues it surrounds and provides
insulating layer beneath the skin that helps conserve heat.
• Transporting- Blood transport gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and cells of the immune
system throughout the body.
• Protecting- Cells of the immune system and blood provide protection against toxins and tissue
injury, as well as against microorganism.
• Cells of Connective Tissue
Ex. of Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes
Types of Connective
Tissue
Macrophages

• Are large whit e blood cells that are capable of moving about and
igesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective
tissue.
Mast Cells

• Tile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote

inflamation.
• Extracellular Matrix – produced by the
connective tissue, then secreted to their
exterior.
• Two Main Elements:
Ground substance composed largely of
water plus some adhesion proteins and
large, charged polysaccharide molecules
Fibers – includes collagen (white) fibers,
elastic (yellow) fibers and reticular fibers.
Extracellular Matrix and Protein Fibers of the Matrix

• Collagen- glue producing

• Reticular Fibers- are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form
a supporting network.
• Elastic Fibers- have the ability to return to their original shape after
being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.
Ground Substances of the Matrix
• Consist of nonfibrous molecules
• Proteoglycans
Connective Tissue Proper & Three subdivisions of loose connective tissues

• Loose connective tissue- consist of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with
ground substance fluid.
• Areolar- connetive tissue primarily consist of collagen fibers and a few fibroplasts.
• Adipose- tissue consist of adipocytes, which contain large amount of lipids for energy storage.
• Reticular tissue- the framework of lympathic tissue such as in the speleen and lymph nodes as well as in the bone marrow
and in the liver
Connective Tissue Proper & Three subdivisions of loose connective tissues

• Loose connective tissue- consist of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with
ground substance fluid.
• Areolar- connetive tissue primarily consist of collagen fibers and a few fibroplasts.
• Adipose- tissue consist of adipocytes, which contain large amount of lipids for energy storage.
• Reticular tissue- the framework of lympathic tissue such as in the speleen and lymph nodes as well as in the bone marrow
and in the liver
• Because of its extracellular matrix, connective
tissue is able to form a soft packing tissue
around other organs, to bear weight and to
withstand stretching and other abuses such
as abrasion, that no other tissue could
endure.
• Bone – sometimes called osseous tissue, is composed of
bone cells sitting in cavities called lacunae and surrounded by
layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in
addition to large numbers of collagen fibers.
• Cartilage – is less hard and more flexible than bone.
 Hyaline cartilage, which has abundant collagen fibers hidden
by a rubbery matrix with glassy, blue-white appearance.
 Fibrocartilage forms the cushion-like disk between the
vertebrae of the spinal column.
 Elastic cartilage Is found where a structure with elasticity is
desired ( Ex. external ear).
• Dense Connective Tissue, also called
dense fibrous tissue, has collagen fibers as
its main matrix element.
Fibroblast (fiber-forming cells) manufacture
the building blocks of the fibers
Tendons – strong, rope-like structure,
attach skeletal muscles to bones
Ligaments – more stretchy, connect bones
to bones at joints.
• Loose Connective Tissue are softer and have more
cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue
type except blood.
 Areolar tissue – most widely distributed, are soft,
pliable “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects
the body organs it wraps.
 Adipose tissue – commonly called fat, basically an
areolar tissue in which fat cells predominate.
Adipose tissue forms the subcutaneous tissue
beneath the skin , where it insulates and protects
the body.
 • Reticular connective tissue – consist of
delicate network of interwoven reticular
fibers associated with reticular cells.

• Blood or vascular tissue, is considered a

connective tissue because it consists of
blood cells, surrounded by non-living fluid
matrix called blood plasma.
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue is packaged by
connective tissue sheets into organs called
skeletal muscles, which are attached to the
skeleton.
• These muscles, which can be controlled
voluntarily, form flesh of the body, the muscular
system
• The cells of skeletal muscle are long,
cylindrical, multinucleate, and they have
obvious striations.
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue is found only in the heart.
 Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscles has striations, but cardiac cells are
uninucleate, relatively short, branching cells that fit tightly together at
junctions called intercalated disks.
 Under involuntary control which means that we cannot consciously control
the activity of the heart.
• Smooth Muscle or Visceral Muscle is so called
because no striations are visible.
 Have single nucleus are spindle-shaped.
 Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the
stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.
 As smooth muscle contracts, the cavity of an
organ alternately becomes smaller or enlarges
so that substances are propelled through the
organ along a specific pathway.
 Peristalsis, is a wavelike motion that keeps food
moving through the small intestines.
Nervous Tissue
• Neurons receive and conduct electrochemical
impulses from one art of the body to another
• Functions:
Irritability
Conductivity
• Supporting cells are special group of cells that
insulate, support, and protect the delicate
neurons.
Tissue Repair
• When tissue injury occur, it stimulate the
body’s inflammatory and immune process and
the healing process begins almost
immediately.
• Inflammation is a generalized (nonspecific)
body response that attempts to prevent further
injury.
• Immune response is extremely specific and
mounts vigorous attack against recognized
invaders.
Two Major Ways of Tissue Repair
• Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue
by the same kind of cells
• Fibrosis involves repair by dense (fibrous)
connective tissue, that is, by the formation of scar
tissue.
• Which occurs depends on;
a. Type of tissue damaged
b. Severity of the injury
Series of events
in tissue injury
1.The capillaries become very permeable.
Allows fluid rich in clotting proteins.
Clotting proteins forms a clot, which stops
blood loss, hold the edges of the wound
together and walls off injured area,
preventing spread of bacteria.
When the clot is exposed to air it quickly
dries and forms a scab.
2.Granulation tissue forms.
 Granulation tissue is a delicate pink tissue
composed largely of new capillaries that grow into
the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels
nearby.
 Granulation tissue also contains phagocytes that
eventually dispose the blood clot and connective
tissue cells (fibroblast) that synthesize the building
blocks of collagen fibers (scar tissue) to
permanently bridge the gap.
3.The surface epithelium regenerates

As the surface epithelium regenerates, it

makes its way to across the granulation
tissue just beneath the scab.
The scab then detaches and the final result is
a fully regenerated surface epithelium
Body Membranes
Classification
• Epithelial Membranes, also called covering and lining
membranes.
1. Cutaneous Membrane is the skin. Its superficial
epidermis is composed of a keratinizing stratified
squamous epithelium.
2. Mucous Membranes is composed of epithelium resting
on loose connective tissue membrane called a lamina
propria.
- This membrane type lines all body cavity that open to
the exterior.
Serous membranes is composed of a layer of simple
squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar
connective tissue.
- Parietal layer lines a specific portion of the wall of
the ventral body cavity
- Visceral layer which covers the outside of the organs
in that cavity.
- Peritoneum is the serosa lining the abdominal cavity
and covering its organs
- Pleura – surrounding the lungs
- Pericardium – surrounds the heart.
Connective Tissue Membrane
• Synovial membranes are composed of soft
areolar connective tissue and contain no
epithelial cells at all.
• These membranes line the fibrous capsules
surrounding joints where they provide a
smooth surface and secrete lubricating fluid.
Questions