Machine Guarding

Machine Guarding
Moving machine parts have the potential to cause
severe workplace injuries, such as crushed fingers or
hands, amputations, burns, or blindness. Safeguards are
essential for protecting workers from these preventable
injuries. Any machine part, function, or process that may
cause injury must be safeguarded. When the operation
of a machine or accidental contact injures the operator
or others in the vicinity, the hazards must be eliminated
or controlled.
This training will contains general information on the
various hazards of mechanical motion and techniques
for protecting workers.

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 Fundamental Areas
All machines consist of three fundamental areas;
 The point of operation, is where work is performed on
the material, such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming
of stock.
 The power transmission device is all components of
the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part
of the machine performing the work. These components
include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods,
couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears.
 The operating controls. Other moving parts refers to all
parts of the machine which move while the machine is
working. These can include reciprocating, rotating, and
transverse moving parts, as well as feed mechanisms
and auxiliary parts of the machine.

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 Machine Operation Hazards
 Crushed hands and
arms, severed fingers
and limbs, lacerations
and abrasions - the list
of possible machinery-
related injuries is long
and horrifying. Many
hazards are created by
moving machine parts.
Safeguards are essential
for protecting workers
from preventable
injuries.

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 General Requirements
The following standards have been established to ensure the
safety of machine operators and other employees in the area:
 Machine Guarding
 Point of Operation Guarding
 Additional Guarding
 Barrels, Containers, and Drums
 Exposure of Blades
 Anchoring Fixed Machinery
 Eye and Face Protection
 Lockout/Tagout

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 Machine Guarding
 The purpose of machine guarding is
to protect the machine operator and
other employees in the work area
from hazards created by ingoing nip
points, rotating parts, flying chips &
sparks. Some examples of this are
barrier guards, light curtains, two-
hand operating devices etc.

 Guards must not create potential

hazards and must be attached to the
machine where possible.

 If guards cannot be attached to the

machine, attach elsewhere.

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 Point of Operation Guarding
 The point of operation is the area on a machine where work is
performed.
 Machines that expose an employee to injury must be guarded.
The guarding device must:
 Be in conformity with any appropriate standards.
 If specific standards are not available, the machine construction
should prevent the operator from having any part of his/her body
in the danger zone during the operating cycle.
 Special hand tools used for placing and removing material from
point of operation areas must allow easy handling of the material
without the operator placing a hand in the danger zone. Such
tools must not replace guards required by this section.

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 Additional Guarding
The following is a list of machines that usually require point of
operation guarding:
 Guillotine Cutters
 Shears
 Alligators shears
 Power presses
 Milling machines
 Power saws
 Jointers
 Portable power tools
 Forming rolls and calendars

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 Barrels, Containers, and Drums
 Revolving barrels,
containers, and drums
must be guarded by an
enclosure interlocked
with the drive
mechanism, so the
barrel, gun, or container
cannot revolve unless
the guard enclosure is
in place.

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 Exposure of Blades
 When the periphery of
the blades of a fan is less
than seven (7) feet above
the floor or working level,
the blades must be
guarded. The guard must
not have openings larger
than one-half (½) inch.

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 Securing the Machine & PPE
 A machine designed for a
fixed location must be
securely anchored to
prevent walking or moving.
 Eye and face protection
must be provided to each
employee when exposed to
eye or face hazards from
flying particles.

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 Lockout / Tagout
 The employer must
establish an energy control
program consisting of
energy control procedures,
employee training, and
periodic inspections to
ensure that before any
employee performs any
servicing or maintenance
on a machine or
equipment, the machine or
equipment is isolated from
the energy source and
rendered inoperative.

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 Motions and Actions
A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions may present hazards to the worker.
These can include the movement of rotating members, reciprocating arms, moving belts,
meshing gears, cutting teeth, and any parts that impact or shear. These different types of
hazardous mechanical motions and actions are basic in varying combinations to nearly all
machines, and recognizing them is the first step toward protecting workers from the danger
they present.

The basic types of hazardous mechanical motions and actions

Motions Actions
 Rotating  Cutting
 In-running Nip Points  Punching
 Reciprocating  Shearing
 Transversing  Bending

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 Motions and Actions
Rotating motion can be dangerous; even smooth, slowly rotating
shafts can grip hair and clothing, and through minor contact force the
hand and arm into a dangerous position. Injuries due to contact with
rotating parts can be severe. Collars, couplings, cams, clutches,
flywheels, shaft ends, spindles, meshing gears, and horizontal or
vertical shafting are some examples of common rotating mechanisms
which may be hazardous. The danger increases when projections
such as set screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions, and projecting keys or set
screws are exposed on rotating parts.
Examples of Hazardous Projections on Rotating Parts

Rotating Shaft and Pulleys w/ Rotating Coupling w/

Projecting Key and Set screw Projecting Bolt Heads
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 Motions and Actions
 In-running nip point hazards are caused by the rotating parts
on machinery. There are three main types of in-running nips.
Parts can rotate in opposite directions while their axes are
parallel to each other. These parts may be in contact
(producing a nip point) or in close proximity. In the latter case,
stock fed between two rolls produces a nip point. As seen
here, this danger is common on machines with intermeshing
gears, rolling mills, and calendars.

In-running Nip points

Intermeshing Gears Rolling Mill
on calendar
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 Motions and Actions
Nip points are also created between rotating and
tangentially moving parts. Some examples would be: the
point of contact between a power transmission belt and
its pulley, a chain and a sprocket, and a rack and pinion.

Transmission Belt Chain and a Rack and Pinion

and Its Pulley Sprocket

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 Motions and Actions
Nip points can occur between rotating and fixed parts which create
a shearing, crushing, or abrading action. Examples are: spoke
handwheels or flywheels, screw conveyors, or the periphery of an
abrasive wheel and an incorrectly adjusted work rest and tongue.

Rotating Screw Conveyor Rotating Abrasive

Spoke Flywheel
and Fixed Trough Wheel on a Grinder
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 Motions and Actions
 Reciprocating
motions may be
hazardous because,
during the back-and-
forth or up-and-down
motion, a worker may
be struck by or caught
between a moving and
a stationary part.
Worker Caught Between a Reciprocating
Table Piece a Stationary Part

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 Motions and Actions
 Transverse motion
(movement in
straight, continuous
line) creates a hazard
because a worker
may be struck or
caught in a pinch or
shear point by the
moving part.
Point of Contact Between a Power
Transmission Belt and Its Pulley

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 Motions and Actions
 Cutting action may involve
rotating, reciprocating, or
transverse motion. The danger of
cutting action exists at the point
of operation where finger, arm
and body injuries can occur and
where flying chips or scrap
material can strike the head,
particularly in the area of the
eyes or face. Such hazards are
present at the point of operation
in cutting wood, metal, and other
materials. Examples of
mechanisms involving cutting
hazards include bandsaws,
circular saws, boring and drilling
machines, turning machines Hazardous Drilling Action
(lathes), or milling machines.
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 Motions and Actions
 Punching action results
when power is applied to
a slide (ram) for the
purpose of blanking,
drawing, or stamping
metal or other materials.
The danger of this type of
action occurs at the point
of operation where stock
is inserted, held, and
withdrawn by hand.
Typical machines used
for punching operations
are power presses and
iron workers.
Typical Punching Operation

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 Motions and Actions
 Shearing action involves
applying power to a slide
or knife in order to trim or
shear metal or other
materials. A hazard
occurs at the point of
operation where stock is
actually inserted, held,
and withdrawn. Examples
of machines used for
shearing operations are
mechanically,
hydraulically, or
pneumatically powered
shears.
Typical Shearing Operation

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 Motions and Actions
 Bending action results
when power is applied to
a slide in order to draw or
stamp metal or other
materials. A hazard
occurs at the point of
operation where stock is
inserted, held, and
withdrawn. Equipment
that uses bending action
includes power presses,
press brakes, and tubing
benders.
Typical Bending Operation

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 Requirements for Safeguards
Safeguards must meet these minimum general requirements:

 Prevent contact: The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, and any other part of
a worker's body from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A good
safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of the operator or another worker
placing parts of their bodies near hazardous moving parts.

 Secure: Workers should not be able to easily remove or tamper with the
safeguard, because a safeguard that can easily be made ineffective is no
safeguard at all. Guards and safety devices should be made of durable material
that will withstand the conditions of normal use. They must firmly be secured to
the machine.

 Protect from falling objects: The safeguard should ensure that no objects can
fall into moving parts. A small tool which is dropped into a cycling machine could
easily become a projectile that could strike and injure someone.

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 Requirements for Safeguards
 Create no new hazards: A safeguard defeats its own purpose if
it creates a hazard of its own such as a shear point, a jagged
edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a laceration. The
edges of guards. for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a
way that they eliminate sharp edges.

 Create no interference: Any safeguard which impedes a worker

from performing the job quickly and comfortably might soon be
overridden or disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually
enhance efficiency as it can relieve the worker's apprehensions
about injury.

 Allow safe lubrication: If possible, one should be able to

lubricate the machine without removing the safeguards. Locating
oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a line leading to the
lubrication point, will reduce the need for the operator or
maintenance worker to enter the hazardous area.

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 Training
Even the most elaborate safeguarding system cannot offer
effective protection unless the worker knows how to use it
and why. Specific and detailed training is therefore a crucial
part of any effort to provide safeguarding against machine-
related hazards. Thorough operator training should involve
instruction or hands-on training in the following:
 a description and identification of the hazards associated with
particular machines;

 the safeguards themselves, how they provide protection, and

the hazards for which they are intended;

 how to use the safeguards and why;

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 Training
 how and under what circumstances safeguards can be
removed, and by whom (in most cases, repair or
maintenance personnel only); and

 when a lockout/tagout program is required.

 what to do (e.g., contact the supervisor) if a safeguard is

damaged, missing, or unable to provide adequate protection.

This kind of safety training is necessary for new operators

and maintenance or setup personnel, when any new or
altered safeguards are put in service, or when workers are
assigned to a new machine or operation.

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 Miscellaneous Aids
 While these aids do not give complete protection from
machine hazards, they may provide the operator with an
extra margin of safety. Sound judgment is needed in their
application and usage. Examples of possible application
include the following:
 An awareness barrier serves as a reminder to a person that
he or she is approaching the danger area. Although the
barrier does not physically prevent a person from entering
the danger area, it calls attention to it. For an employee to
enter the danger area, an overt act must take place, that is,
the employee must either reach or step over, under or
through the barrier. Generally, awareness barriers are not
considered adequate when continual exposure to the
hazard exists.

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 Miscellaneous Aids
Special hand tools may be used to
place or remove stock, particularly
from or into the point of operation
of a machine. A typical use would
be for reaching into the danger
area of a press or press brake. A
push stick or block may be used
when feeding stock into a saw
blade. When it becomes necessary
for hands to be in close proximity to
the blade, the push stick or block
may provide a few inches of safety
and prevent a severe injury.

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 Guard Construction
Today many builders of single-purpose machines provide point-of-
operation and power transmission safeguards as standard
equipment. However, not all machines in use have built-in
safeguards provided by the manufacturer. Guards designed and
installed by the builder offer two main advantages:

 They usually conform to the

design and function of the
machine.

 They can be designed to

strengthen the machine in
some way or to serve some
additional functional
purposes.

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 Guard Construction
User-built guards are sometimes necessary for a variety of
reasons. They have these advantages:
 Often, with older machinery, they are the only practical
safeguarding solution.
 They may be the only choice for mechanical power
transmission apparatus in older plants, where machinery is
not powered by individual motor drives.
 They permit options for point-of-operation safeguards when
skilled personnel design and make them.
 They can be designed and built to fit unique and even
changing situations.
 They can be installed on individual dies and feeding
mechanisms.
 Design and installation of machine safeguards by plant
personnel can help to promote safety consciousness in the
workplace.
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 Feeding and Ejection Methods
Many feeding and ejection methods do not require the
operator to place his or her hands in the danger area. In some
cases, no operator involvement is necessary after the
machine is set up. In other situations, operators can manually
feed the stock with the assistance of a feeding mechanism.
Properly designed ejection methods do not require any
operator involvement after the machine starts to function.
Using these feeding and ejection methods does not eliminate
the need for guards and devices. Guards and devices must be
used wherever they are necessary and possible in order to
provide protection from exposure to hazards. Types of feeding
and ejection methods:

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 Feeding and Ejection Methods
 Automatic Feed
– stock is fed from rolls, indexed by machine mechanism, etc.
– eliminates the need for operator involvement in the danger area
– other guards are required for operator protection, usually fixed
barrier guards
– requires frequent maintenance
– may not be adaptable to stock variation

 Semi-automatic Feed
– stock is fed by chutes, movable dies, dial feed, plungers, or
sliding bolster

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 Feeding and Ejection Methods
 Automatic Ejection
– work pieces are ejected by air or mechanical means
– may create a hazard of blowing chips or debris
– size of stock limits the use of this method
– air ejection may present a noise hazard

 Semi-automatic Ejection
– work pieces are ejected by mechanical means which are
initiated by the operator
– operator does not have to enter danger area to remove finished
work
– other guards are required for operator protection
– may not be adaptable to stock variation

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 Machinery Maintenance and
Repair
Good maintenance and repair procedures contribute
significantly to the safety of the maintenance crew as well
as that of machine operators. The variety and complexity
of machines to be serviced, the hazards associated with
their power sources, the special dangers that may be
present during machine breakdown, and the severe time
constraints often placed on maintenance personnel all
make safe maintenance and repair work difficult. If
possible, machine design should permit routine
lubrication and adjustment without removal of safeguards.
But when safeguards must be removed, and the machine
serviced, the lockout procedure must be adhered to. The
maintenance and repair crew must never fail to replace
the guards before the job is considered finished and the
machine released from lockout.

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 Machinery Maintenance and
Repair
In order to prevent hazards while servicing machines, each
machine or piece of equipment should be safeguarded during the
conduct of servicing or maintenance by:

 notifying all affected employees (usually machine or equipment

operators or users) that the machine or equipment must be shut
down to perform some maintenance or servicing;

 stopping the machine;

 isolating the machine or piece of equipment from its energy source;

 locking out or tagging out the energy source;

 relieving any stored or residual energy; and

 verifying that the machine or equipment is isolated from the energy

source.
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 Machinery Maintenance and
Repair
When the servicing or maintenance is completed, there are
specific steps which must be taken to return the machine or piece
of equipment to service. These steps include:

 inspection of the machine or equipment to ensure that all guards

and other safety devices are in place and functional,

 checking the area to ensure that energization and start up of the

machine or equipment will not endanger employees,

 removal of the lockout devices,

 Re-energization of the machine or equipment, and

 notification of affected employees that the machine or equipment

may be returned to service.

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 Machine Guarding

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 Machine Guarding

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 Remember!!!

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