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FACTS & FIGURES
• The population of Malaysia in 2010 is
approximately 28,310,000. (source:
www.trueknowledge.com)

• Estimated duration of life for Malaysian male :

70 years
Estimated duration of life for Malaysian female:
75 years. (source: WHO, 2004)
What is Statistics?
???
WHAT IS STATISTICS?

Statistics is a collection of procedures for

planning experiments, gathering data,
analyzing data, summarising information,
interpreting and drawing conclusion to
help people make decisions when faced
with uncertainty.
THE APPLICATION
Politics
• Statistics helps an MP candidate to know about the possibility
that he will win an election at his constituency.

Learning & Education

• Statistics helps teacher to identify the effective method of
teaching by comparing each method with students’ performance.

Health & Medicine

• Statistics helps to classify patients to several stage of severity
hence necessary actions can be planned to cure the patients.

Business
• Statistics gives information about the behaviour of the market,
hence a business can plan it marketing strategy, developing
campaign and many more.
STATISTICS HAS TWO ASPECTS
1) Theoretical / Mathematical Statistics
2) Applied Statistics

Theoretical / Mathematical Statistics

=> Deals with the development, derivation and proof of
statistical theorems, formulas, rules and laws.

Applied Statistics
=> Involves the applications of those theorems,
formulas, rules and laws to solve real world problems.
 APPLIED STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics

•What most people think of when  Refers to the technique of
they hear the word statistics interpreting the values from
Includes the collection, sample and drawing
presentation, and description of conclusions about the
sample/population data. population
•Using graphs, charts and tables to
show data.
WHY DO WE HAVE TO STUDY STATISTICS?

• To read and understand various

statistical studies in related field.
• To communicate and explain the results
of study in related field using our own
words.
• To apply in our field of work to solve
real world problems
BASIC TERMS OF STATISTICS
Population versus Sample
Population
a collection of all individuals about which information is desired.
-“individuals” are usually people but could also be schools,
cities, agriculture fields, etc.
there are two kinds of population:
- When the membership of a population can be (or could
be) physically listed.
finite population:- e.g. the books in library.
- When the membership is unlimited.
infinite population:- e.g. the population of all
customers in a shopping mall.

Sample
a subset of the population.

Why take sample???

BASIC TERMS OF STATISTICS
Parameter
a numerical value summarizing all the data of
an entire population.

Statistics
a numerical value summarizing the sample data.

Variable
a characteristics of interest about each
individual element of a population or sample.
INTRODUCTION TO DATA
Common questions....
o How to get data?
o Where to get the data?
o How much data is needed?
o How good is the data? WHAT IS DATA?
o Who will gather the data?
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
Words
Numbers

Measurements

Figures
 Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Data that do not use numbers in

Data that can be counted or
general and usually use to describe
measured in numbers.
about an object.

Example Example

• Colour of eyes • Number of siblings

• Severity of a disease • Weight of a product
• Answer of Yes / no • Price of a product
• Satisfaction towards a service • Length of time
 Data

Continuous Discrete

Variable is measured along a

A variable measured as units or
continuum (at any place beyond the
categories
decimal place)

Example Example

• Distance between two the places • Number of siblings

• Arrival time of a flight • Number of apples
• Amount of saving • Number of house
 CLASS ACTIVITY 1
KNOWING YOUR MATES!
Preparation: Paper & pencil
Instruction (3 minutes activity)
1. Each student must get a new mate in his class and get at least five
possible characters that best describing about his new mate.
2. Then, he has to get another new mates and ask them similar questions
to the first one. Get as many new mates as possible.
Lecturer:
 Ask students to identify data they have collected. Can they distinguish
between (i) continuous or discrete and (ii) qualitative and quantitative
data?
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Increasing precision
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal
• This scale is simply placing data into categories without any
order or structure.

• Example:
Gender : Male or Female
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Ordinal
• A scale that incorporates and ordered position, or
ranking.
• Differences between data values either cannot be
determined or are meaningless.
• Example:
Level of satisfaction: very dissatisfied, dissatisfied,
neutral, satisfied, very satisfied
(5 likert scale)
Course grades:- A, B, C, D, or F
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Interval
• Interval scale assumes to have equidistant points between each of
the scale elements, but without natural zero.
• The classic example of an interval scale is the Fahrenheit
temperature scale. If the temperature is 80 , it cannot be said
that it is twice as hot as a 40 temperature.
• A scale where distances between data are meaningful.
• Differences make sense, but ratios do not (e.g., 30°-20°=20°-10°,
but 20°/10° is not twice as hot!).
• Example:
Very poor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Excellent
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Ratio
• A scale in which both intervals between values
and ratios of values are meaningful.
• A real zero point.
• Example:
Physical measurements of height, weight,
length are typically ratio variables. It is now
meaningful to say that 10 m is twice as long as 5
m. This is because there is a natural zero.
 CLASS ACTIVITY 2

Variable Continuous vs. Qualitative vs. Scale of

Discrete Quantitative measurement
Ratings of satisfaction (1 to 5) - Qualitative Ordinal

Exam score (0% to 100%) Discrete Quantitative ratio

Position standing in line - Qualitative nominal

Body type (slim, average, heavy) - Qualitative Ordinal

Arrival time of flights Continuous Quantitative ratio

Temperature (degrees in Celsius) Continuous Quantitative ratio

Number of car sold in a year Discrete Quantitative ratio

Student’s matrix number - Qualitative nominal

Salary (RM) received in a month Continuous Quantitative ratio

A letter of grade (A, B, C, D, F) - Qualitative Ordinal