Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV
Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV
Morley15e - PPT - ch07 REV
Understanding Computers
Today and Tomorrow
Comprehensive
Chapter 7
Computer Networks
Deborah Morley
Charles S. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning
Learning Objectives
• Network
– A connected system of objects or people
• Computer network
– A collection of computers and other hardware devices
connected together so users can share hardware,
software, and data, and electronically communicate
• Computer networks are converging with telephone and other
communications networks
• Networks range from small private networks to the Internet
• In most businesses, computer networks are essential
• The Internet
• Telephone Service
• Cellular (cell) Phones
• Satellite Phones
• Television and Radio Broadcasting
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Applications
• Monitoring Systems
• RFID-based Systems
• GPS-based Monitoring Systems
• Electronic Medical Monitors
• Multimedia Networking
• Videoconferencing, Collaborative Computing, and
Telecommuting
• Telemedicine
• Network Architectures
1. Client-Server Networks
• Client
– Computer or other device on the network that
requests and utilizes network resources
• Server
– Computer dedicated to processing client
requests
• Bandwidth
– The amount of data that can be
transferred in a given period of time
– Measured in bits per second (bps),
Kbps (thousands), Mbps (millions ), or
GFbps (billions)
• Analog vs. Digital Signals
– Data represented by two discrete
states: 0s and 1s
– Conventional telephone systems
use
analog signals
• Represent data with continuous
wavesToday and Tomorrow, 15th Edition
Understanding Computers: 17
Data Transmission Characteristics
• Synchronous Transmission
– Blocks of data are transferred at regular, specified intervals
– Most data transmissions within a computer and over a
network are synchronous
• Asynchronous Transmission
– Data is sent when ready without being synchronized
– Start bits and stop bits used to identify the bits that belong
in each byte
• Isochronous Transmission
– Data sent at the same time as other, related, data
• Simplex Transmission
– Data travels in a single direction only
• Half-Duplex Transmission
– Data travels in either direction but only one way at a time
• Full-Duplex Transmission
– Data travels in both directions at the same time
• Delivery Method
– Circuit-Switching
• Dedicated path over a network is established between
sender and receiver; all data follows that path
– Packet-Switching
• Messages are separated into small units called packets
and travel along the network separately; packets are
reassembled once destination is reached
– Broadcasting
• Data is sent out to all other nodes on the network and
retrieved only by the intended recipient; primarily used
with LANs
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 22
Data Transmission Characteristics
The frequency range of infrared rays The frequency range of radio Microwaves have a frequency Range
2
300GHz – 400THz waves:3KHz – 1GHz. between 1GHz – 300GHz.
The limitation of infrared rays is that they They are unidirectional, as they can
cannot penetrate any obstacles and can move in only one direction, and
It can travel large distances as well as
only use for short-range. Also, Infrared is therefore it is used in point-to-point
3 can penetrate any wall ( Omni-
used in night vision cameras as it has communication or unicast
directional,
thermal properties. The frequency range communication such as radar and
of infrared rays 300GHz – 400THz satellite.
• Ethernet (802.3)
– Most widely used standard for wired networks
– Typically used with LANs that have a star topology
– Works with twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cabling
– Continually evolving
– Most common today are Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
– 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet standards
ratified in 2010
– Terabit Ethernet standard is currently under
development
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 40
Ethernet (802.3)
• Wi-Fi (802.11)
– A family of wireless networking
standards using IEEE standard 802.11
– Current standard for wireless
networks in homes and offices
(wireless Ethernet)
– Built into many everyday
objects
today
– Designed for medium-range
transmission; speed and distance
depends on Wi-Fi standard
being used, solid objects in the
way, interference, etc.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 44
Wi-Fi (802.11)
• WiMAX (802.16)
– Standards for longer range wireless networking
connections, typically MANs
– Fixed WiMAX
• Designed to provide Internet access fixed locations
(hotzones)
• Typical hotzone radius is between 2 and 6 miles
• Possible to provide coverage to an entire city by using
multiple WiMAX towers
– Mobile WiMAX
• Mobile version of the standard
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 46
WiMAX (802.16)
• Cellular Standards
– First Generation
• Analog and voice only
– 2G (Second Generation)
• Digital, both voice and data, faster
– 3G and 4G networks
• Current standards
• Use packet
switching
• 3G speeds are
between 1 and 4
Mbps
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 48
Bluetooth, Ultra Wideband (UWB),
and Other Short-Range Wireless
Standards
• Network Adapter
– Used to connect a computer to a network
– Also called network interface card (NIC) when in the form
of an expansion card
• Modem
– Device that enables a computer to communicate over
analog networking media
– Term is often used interchangeably with network adapter
– Most computers and mobile devices today come with a
built-in network adapter and/or modem
• Switch
– Central device that connects devices in a wired network but only
sends data to the intended recipient
– Hub – similar but sends data to all recipients
• Router
– Connects multiple networks: two LANs, two WANS,
LAN and the Internet
– Passes data to intended recipient only
– Routes traffic over the Internet
• Wireless Access Point
– Device used to grant network access to wireless client
devices
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 52
Networking Hardware
• Wireless Router
– Typically connects both wired and wireless devices to a
network and to connect the network to the Internet
– Often integrates a switch, router, and wireless access
point
• Bridge
– Used to connect two LANs together
– In a home network, wirelessly connects a wired device to
the network
• Repeaters
• Amplify signals along a network
• Range Extenders
– Repeaters for a wireless network
• Antennas
– Devices used for receiving or sending radio signals
– Some network adapters can use an external antenna
– Can be directional or omnidirectional
– Strength measured in decibels (dB)
• Multiplexer
– Combines transmissions from several different devices to
send them as one message
• Concentrator
– Combines messages and sends them via a single
transmission medium in such a way that all of the
messages are simultaneously active
• Networking Applications
• Network Characteristics
• Data Transmission Characteristics
• Networking Media
• Communications Protocols and Networking Standards
• Networking Hardware