2022-04-20 Topic5 Stiffness Method Truss

CED 426
Structural Theory II
Lecture 20
Truss Analysis Using the Stiffness Method:
Mary Joanne C. Aniñon

Instructor
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method
• There are two essential ways in which structures can be analyzed
using matrix methods:
a) Stiffness Method
b) Displacement Method
• Force Method (Flexibility Method) can also be used; however, it will

not be presented here.
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method
• Application of the stiffness method requires subdividing the structure
into a series of discrete finite elements, and then identifying their end
points as nodes.
• For truss analysis, the finite elements are represented by each of the
members of the truss, and the nodes represent the joints.
• The force-displacement relationships for each element are
determined and then these are related to one another using force
equilibrium equation.
• These relationships, for the entire structure, are then grouped
together into what is called the structure stiffness matrix K’
Member and Node Identification
• One of the first steps when applying the stiffness method is to
identify the elements or members of the truss and their nodes.
• We will specify each member by a number enclosed within a square,
and use a number enclosed within a circle to identify the nodes.
• Also, the “near” and “far” ends of the member must be identified
• This will be done using an arrow written along the member with the
head of the arrow directed toward the far end.
• Examples of the member, node, and direction identification for a truss
are shown in Fig. 14-1a.
Member and Node Identification
• Examples of the member,

node, and direction
identification for a truss are
shown in Fig. 14-1a.
Global and Member Coordinates
• Since loads and displacements are vector quantities, it is necessary to
establish a coordinate system in order to specify their sense of
direction.
• A single global or structure coordinate system, x, y, will be used to
specify the sense of each of the external force and displacement
components at the nodes, Fig. 14-1a
• A local or member coordinate system will be used for each member
to specify the sense of direction of its displacements and internal
loadings. This system will be using x’, y’ axes with the origin at the
“near” node and the x’ axis extending toward the “far” node.
Global and Member Coordinates
• An example for the truss member 4 is shown in Fig-1b
Kinematic Indeterminacy
• The unconstrainted displacements for a truss joint represent the
primary unknowns of any displacement method, and therefore these
must be identified.
• As a general rule, there are two degrees of freedom, or two
displacements, for each joint or node.
• For application, each degree of freedom will be specified on the truss
using a code number, as shown at the joint or node, and referenced
to its positive global coordinate direction using an associated arrow.
• An example for the truss in the figure
has eight degrees of freedom, which
have been identified by the “code
numbers” 1 through 8”.
• The truss is kinematically
indeterminate to the fifth degree
because of these eight possible
displacements
• 1 through 5 represent unknown or
unconstrained degrees of freedom
• 6 through 8 represent constrained
degrees of freedom
• For later application, the lowest code numbers will always be used to
identify the unknown displacements (unconstrained degrees of
freedom) and the highest code numbers will be used to identify the
known displacements (constrained degrees of freedom).
• The reason for choosing this method of identification has to do with
the convenience of later partitioning the structure stiffness matrix so
that the unknown displacements can be found in the most direct
manner
Member Stiffness Matrix
• Since the loads on a truss member only act along the member, then
the displacements of the nodes are only along the x’ axis
• To obtain the load-displacement relations we will apply two
independent displacements to the member.
• When a positive displacement dN occurs on the near end of the
member while the far end is held pinned as shown in Fig. 14-2a
• In this section we will establish
the stiffness matrix for a single
truss member using local x’, y’
coordinates oriented as shown
in Fig 14-2
• The terms in this matrix
represent the load-
displacement relations for the
member.
• As shown in Fig. 14-2a, the forces developed at the ends of the
member are
• This matrix k’, is called the member stiffness matrix, and it has the
same form for each member of the truss. The four elements that
comprise it are called member stiffness influence coefficients, .
• Physically, represents the force at joint when a unit displacement is
imposed at joint
Displacement and Force Transformation
Matrices
• Since a truss is composed of many members (elements), we must
now develop a method for transforming the member forces q and
displacements d defined in local coordinates to global coordinates.
• To do this we will define the direction of each member using the
smallest angles between the positive x, y global axes and the positive
x’ local axes.
• These angles are and as shown in Fig. 14-3.
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
Displacement and Force Transformation
Matrices
• For example consider member NF of the truss shown in Fig. 14-4.
• Here the coordinates of N and F are and , respectively.
• The algebraic signs in these “generalized” equations will automatically
account for members that are oriented in other quadrants of the x-y
plane.
Displacement Transformation Matrix
• In global coordinates each end of the member can have two degrees
of freedom or independent displacements; namely joint N has and ,
Fig 14-5a and Fig 14-5b
• Joint F has and , Fig 14-5c and Fig 14-5d
• When the far end is held pinned and the near end is given a global
displacement , Fig 14-5a, the corresponding displacement along the
member is .
• Likewise, a displacement will cause the member to be displaced
• The effect of both global displacements causes the local displacement
Force Transformation Matrix
• Consider now the application of the force to the near end of the
member, with the far endd held pinned
• Likewise if force is applied to the member,
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
• The location of each element in this 4x4 symmetric matrix is
referenced with each global degree of freedom associated with the
near end N, followed by the far end F.
• This is indicated by the code number notation along the rows and
columns, that is, , , ,
• Here k represents the force-displacement at the ends of the member
are in the global or x-y directions. As a result, each column of the
matrix represents the four force components developed at the ends
of the member.
Truss Stiffness Matrix Example

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CED 426

Mary Joanne C. Aniñon

• Force Method (Flexibility Method) can also be used; however, it will

• Examples of the member,

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