Sampling Theory PPT 1 1
Sampling Theory PPT 1 1
an introduction
Sampling Techniques
L
nh = n
h=1
• Administrative convenience
• When sampling problems differ markedly in
different parts of the population(In surveying
factories, firms may be grouped into large/
medium/small, individual/group, private/govt. … )
• When stratification produce gain in precision in
the estimates of the parameters of the whole
population ( when the population is highly
heterogeneous)
Estimation of Parameters using a Stratified sample
• Let the population of size N is divided into L strata each of
L
, h 1, 2, ....L
strata in the population .
• Then an unbiased estimator of the population mean
Y 1 L
is y st
N
N
h 1
h yh
Allocation of sample size in different strata
• Once the sampling strategy is fixed as Stratified
random sampling, their arise the question of
deciding the sample size, nh, for the hth strata, h=
1, 2, …, L in the population.
• The following are the important methods of
allocation in stratified sampling
1. equal allocation
2. proportional allocation
3. optimum allocation
n
Equal Allocation nh , h 1, 2,..., L
L
Nh
Proportional Allocation nh n, h 1, 2,..., L
N
Optimum Allocation
In optimum allocation procedures, we resort to
conditional minimization techniques. Here we consider
linear cost functions. The standard procedures are
• Minimizing the variance of the estimator for a given total
cost of the survey
• Minimizing total cost the survey for a given variance of
the estimator
• Minimizing the variance of the estimator for a given
sample size (Neyman Optimum Allocation)
Advantages of Stratification
• Administrative convenience
• Samples are more representative
• Estimation with greater accuracy
• Stratification makes it possible to use
different sampling designs in different strata
Systematic Sampling
• A sampling technique in which only the first unit is
selected randomly and the rest are selected
automatically according to a predefined pattern
• The sample is chosen by selecting a random starting
point and then picking every kth element in succession
from the sampling frame.
• The sampling interval, k, is determined by dividing the
population size N by the required sample size n and
rounding it to the nearest integer.
For example, let there are 5,000 elements in the
population and a sample of 50 is desired. In this case
the sampling interval, k, is 100. A random number ( r,
the random start) between 1 and 100 is selected. If, for
example, r=23, the sample consists of elements 23, 123,
223, 323, 423, 523, and so on upto 4923.
Procedure for Drawing a Systematic Sample
• Define the population and select a suitable
sampling frame
• Each element is assigned a number from 1 to N
• Determine the sampling interval k (k=N/n). If k
is a fraction, round it to the nearest integer
• Select a random number, r, between 1 and k
• Now the elements with the following numbers
will constitute the systematic random sample
r, r+k,r+2k,r+3k,r+4k,...,r+(n-1)k
Things to remember before using
Systematic sampling scheme
• Efficiency of systematic sampling depends on the
order of arrangement of the units in the population
• If the units in the population show an
increasing/decreasing trend along with the increase
in magnitude of their labels, the systematic sample
means will also show the same tendency (rank lists,
salary lists …)
• If the population is almost periodic/cyclic in nature,
then the efficiency of systematic sampling depends
on the value of k, the sampling interval (Rain fall,
market days, peak traffic hrs. … )
Cluster Sampling
• The target population is first divided into
mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
subpopulations, or clusters.
• Then a random sample of clusters is selected,
based on a probability sampling technique such
as srs.
• For each selected cluster, either all the elements
are enumerated (single stage) or a random
sample of elements is drawn from the selected
clusters and are only enumerated (two-stage).
• Ideally, each cluster should be a small-scale
representation of the population.
Types of Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling