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    Phase Transition

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    dasgourisankar2002
    The document discusses phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking in physics. It provides examples of different types of phase transitions including liquid-gas transitions, Bose-Einstein condensation, superconductivity, and quark-gluon plasma. Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when the underlying physical laws remain symmetrical but the observable properties of a system break this symmetry. Landau theory is introduced as a tool for understanding phase transitions and describing ordered and disordered states using an order parameter.

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    Phase Transition

    Uploaded by

    dasgourisankar2002
    12 views271 pages
    The document discusses phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking in physics. It provides examples of different types of phase transitions including liquid-gas transitions, Bose-Einstein condensation, superconductivity, and quark-gluon plasma. Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when the underlying physical laws remain symmetrical but the observable properties of a system break this symmetry. Landau theory is introduced as a tool for understanding phase transitions and describing ordered and disordered states using an order parameter.

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    The document discusses phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking in physics. It provides examples of different types of phase transitions including liquid-gas transitions, Bose-Einstein condensation, superconductivity, and quark-gluon plasma. Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when the underlying physical laws remain symmetrical but the observable properties of a system break this symmetry. Landau theory is introduced as a tool for understanding phase transitions and describing ordered and disordered states using an order parameter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    12 views271 pages

    Phase Transition

    Uploaded by

    dasgourisankar2002
    The document discusses phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breaking in physics. It provides examples of different types of phase transitions including liquid-gas transitions, Bose-Einstein condensation, superconductivity, and quark-gluon plasma. Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when the underlying physical laws remain symmetrical but the observable properties of a system break this symmetry. Landau theory is introduced as a tool for understanding phase transitions and describing ordered and disordered states using an order parameter.

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    You are on page 1of 271

    A phase is a state of matter whose properties vary

    smoothly (i.e.it is an analytic function of P; V; T etc.).

    If a function is not continuous or differentiable (for non analytic


    function derivatives of P, V, T vanish) then it is not analytic. In
    physics, it happens only at critical point.
    A phase transition is an abrupt, discontinuous change in the
    properties of a system. We’ve already seen one example of a
    phase transition -Bose-Einstein condensation.
    In that case, we had to look fairly closely to see the discontinuity:
    it was lurking in the derivative of the heat capacity. In other phase
    transitions — many of them already familiar — the discontinuity
    is more manifest. Examples include steam condensing to water
    and water freezing to ice.
    Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a
    spontaneous process of symmetry breaking, by
    which a physical system in a symmetric state
    spontaneously ends up in an asymmetric state

    By definition, spontaneous symmetry breaking requires the


    existence of physical laws (e.g. quantum mechanics) which are
    invariant under a symmetry transformation (such as translation or
    rotation), so that any pair of outcomes differing only by that
    transformation have the same probability distribution. For
    example if measurements of an observable at any two different
    positions have the same probability distribution, the observable
    has translational symmetry.

    Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when this relation breaks


    down, while the underlying physical laws remain symmetrical.
    Critical phenomena
    Some examples of phase
    transition
    Liquid-Gas Transition

    The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation


    Bose–Einstein condensate

    Velocity-distribution data (3 views) for a gas of rubidium


    atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of
    matter, the Bose–Einstein condensate
    Superconductivity
    Phase diagram of QCD matter : Quark-Gluon Plasma
    Understanding phase transition
    If we can calculate the free energy F we can then calculate all
    desired thermodynamic quantities by appropriate derivatives.∗
    Landau Theory of Phase Transitions. This was developed
    by Landau in the 1940’s, originally to describe
    superconductivity. The procedure is general, and is one of
    the most useful tools in condensed matter physics. Not
    only can we use Landau Theory to describe and
    understand the nature of phase transitions among
    ordered (and disordered) states, but we can use it as a
    starting point for understanding the behavior of ordered
    states.
    We will see how to use the nature of the order parameter
    to understand deformations in a broken symmetry state:
    Landau theory is a mean field theory, in the sense that the
    system is assumed to be adequately described by a single
    macroscopic state
    It is the energy required to create a system
    at constant pressure and temperature.
    Helmholtz free energy finds less application
    as the volume of the system should be
    constant. Gibbs free energy finds more
    application as the pressure of the system is
    constant.
    ces s
    P ro
    anical
    M ech
    c es s
    lP ro
    mi ca
    Che

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