Digital Generation of Signals

DIGITAL GENERATION OF
SIGNALS
Comparison of direct digital synthesis
with analog signal synthesis, Approaches
to direct digital synthesis, Analysis of
spurious signals, Performance of direct
digital synthesis systems, Applications of
direct digital synthesis
• Analog techniques have long dominated frequency synthesis. Analog frequency
techniques are based on bulky analog devices such as quartz crystals, inductors,
capacitors, and mechanical resonators. Digital techniques began to gain prominence
in communication systems because of their superior accuracy and immunity to
noise and because they are easy to manufacture with very large scale integration
(VLSI). Direct digital synthesis(DDS) techniques generate signals directly in
discrete time. Any arbitrary waveform can be generated for digital communication
systems, as the amplitude, frequency, and phase can be varied to create a modulated
signal
• These early designs generated a sine wave using a read-only memory (ROM)
containing sampled values of a sine wave to drive a DAC and analog interpolation
filter. Modern DDS techniques are derivatives of this basic approach, but many
improvements have been incorporated, enabling DDS to be used in practical
communication system
• DDS has become the preferred implementation for signal synthesis. The main
advantages of using digital techniques in frequency synthesis are precision, fast
switching capability, and generation of arbitrary wave shapes. Unlike bulky analog
systems, DDS systems are small and low-powered, making them attractive for use
in mobile applications.
• Direct digital synthesizers allow the implementation of digital modulation
techniques, after which the signals can be converted to analog signals for
transmission. AM can be created by multiplying the sinusoidal output of the ROM
with the modulating signal before passing it through the DAC. PM is created by
changing the instantaneous phase angle, i.e., by using the modulating signal to alter
the input to the ROM (phase). Frequency modulation (FM) is created by varying
the instantaneous frequency, and this is accomplished by using the modulating
signal to increment the phase.
• The Qualcomm Direct Digital Synthesizer Chip Q2240, which can be used for
various wireless applications, will be used as a case study. Pseudo noise (PN)
generation will be described; it is used for both direct sequence and frequency
hopping spread spectrum communication systems and for data scrambling
randomization.
Comparison of direct digital synthesis with analog signal synthesis
• Common analog signal generation techniques include direct analog synthesis

(DAS) and the PLL method. DAS involves generating various frequencies by
mixing frequencies from different crystals and/or using their harmonics. DAS is
limited by its size, cost, and power consumption, making it difficult to use in
military or portable equipment. DAS is used when absolutely necessary in
applications such as high-speed testing, medical and radar imaging, spectroscopy,
radar and electronic warfare simulation, and frequency hopping communications.
• The PLL is a feedback mechanism that tracks a reference frequency and consists of
a VCO, a phase detector, a variety of dividers, and a loop filter. Analog PLL
synthesizers can offer fine frequency resolution and very low levels of spurious
outputs at comparatively low cost but cannot achieve DAS's low levels of phase
noise
• DDS overcomes most of the problems associated with both DAS and PLL
techniques. DDS is superior in terms of precision, ease of implementation, and
flexibility, which leads to its widespread use in digital communication systems. For
instance, DDS can implement sub-hertz resolution using a fraction of the hardware
needed by an analog synthesizer.
• The digital nature of DDS makes it possible to set the frequency of the output wave
form more precisely than analog techniques. In analog systems, the frequency is
controlled with analog components, resulting in poor stability due to drift in the
components, poor frequency resolution due to limitations in analog dials, and
difficulty with digitally controlled tuning. Furthermore, analog signal generators
stray in frequency over time. Changes in temperature, humidity, and other variables
can affect the output of the analog oscillator. The instrument's overall accuracy
varies with time and from one unit to the next.
• When a frequency change is executed in a DDS system, the output is smooth and
transient free. The phase can be continuous during frequency switching, which is
crucial in fast hopping spread spectrum systems. Switching frequencies within
microseconds can be achieved with DDS.
Approaches to Direct Digital Synthesis
• There are two basic approaches for generating signals directly
from digital hardware. The first is commonly referred to as the
ROM LUT approach, which can also be used to generate
sinusoidal signals.
• The second approach, pulse output DDS, uses a phase
accumulator to obtain a series of periodic pulses (or a
rectangular or sawtooth waveform) from which other
waveforms can be created
PULSE OUTPUT DDS
• This DDS approach generates pulse, sawtooth, or rectangular waveforms. Other
waveforms can be created from these basic waveforms. The idea is to create the
rectangular waveform by cycling through an accumulator as a way to create an
adjustable pulse frequency from a stable high-frequency driving clock. PO DDS
consists of an bit adder and register to form an accumulator. A frequency word Ar is
added to the accumulator once every clockperiod, Tclk
• The output of the accumulator, S(n) at time
n, is given by
The average frequency for which the counter is reset is

ROM Look-Up Table Approach

Digital Generation of Signals

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DIGITAL GENERATION OF

• Common analog signal generation techniques include direct analog synthesis

The average frequency for which the counter is reset is

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