OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING - 2

1 C# Language
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2
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3 CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES
CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGIES
○ Markup Languages: Languages used to define and structure the information
contained in a document
● HTML
● XML

○ Tag: basic semantic element of markup languages.

HTML
<h1>Titre 1</h1>
<img src="myImage.png" >
XML
<name>eyrolles</name>
<place>paris</place> 4
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5 XML
XML
○ XML (EXtensible Markup Language)

○ Structured Markup Languages

XML Document Corresponding Tree

XML
○ XML (EXtensible Markup Language)
○ Structured Markup Language

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XML
Based on 2 fundamental concepts

○ Separate structure, content and presentation

● To the same content can be associated several formatting

○ Tags are not fixed

● Create tags as needed

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XML
Consequences of these two concepts: XML is...
○ A document format

● Extension: .xml

○ A data format

○ Used for structuring information

○ A metalanguage
● used to create other markup languages
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 <department deptid=“15”>
XML <deptname>…</deptname>
<employees>
XML vs. SQL <employee>
…
</employee>
<DEPARTMENTS>
<employee>
…
</employee>
</employees>
</department>

…
</DEPARTMENTS>

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XML
XML vs. HTML
Compared to HTML, the tags in XML:
○ Have a meaning

○ Have a hierarchy
● structured data in tree structure

○ Are extensible
● defining new tags

○ Are intended to store data

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● and not presenting them
XML
○ A “well-formed” XML document
● Obeys the syntax rules of XML
● Is a prerequisite for validity

○ A “valid” XML document

● Respects all construction rules ("grammar") defined in a DTD / XSD

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XML
All XML documents:

○ Start with the prologue, which includes:

● The XML declaration
● The declaration of DTD / XSD grammar file

○ Contains the tree of elements

● A root element: a SINGLE element that contains all the others elements
● Elements: may contain text / other elements
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● Attributes
XML
XML declaration (order of the attributes to be respected):
○ <? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "..." standalone = "yes"?>

● version = version of XML used in the document

● encoding = character encoding set used (default UTF-8)
● standalone = document dependency on a
● grammar
○ "Yes": the application processor does not expect any DTD external to the

document
○ "No": the application processor is expecting an external DTD reference
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XML
Elements vs. Attributes

○ Use elements when…

● the order is important
● you want to reuse an element several times (with the same parent)
● you want to have descendants / an internal structure
● you want to represent a data type (object) with properties as "attributes”

○ Use attributes when you need to…

● Represent properties of an object (element)
● Identify elements 15
○ Example: <note id="p501”>
XML
Basic Syntax Rules
○ All tags must all be closed

○ All tags without content must end with the characters "/>"

○The names of the start and end tags match exactly and in terms of case
● False: <Parent>Bob</parent>
● False: <Parent>Bob</child>

○Tags must not overlap

● False: <parent> <child>Alice</ parent> </child>
● True: <parent>

<child>Alice</ child> 16

</parent>
 <result>a is &lt; b</result>
XML
Basic Syntax Rules
○ Attribute names only appear once for each item Result:
○Attribute values are enclosed in quotes or apostrophes a<b
● <birthday date="2011-01-01">
● <birthday date='2011-01-01'>

○Names of elements can not:

● start with a number or punctuation
● start with the letters xml, or XML ...
● contain spaces

○Avoid certain signs that could lead to confusion like -; . < > 17
● Instead, use predefined entities such as: &lt; &gt; …
XML
CDATA

○ By default, all data is PCDATA (Parsed Character Data): text parsed by a parser
● Tags will be taken in the context of markup
● The entities will be extended

○ CDATA allows you to define a block of characters that should not be parsed by
the XML parser:
● <! [CDATA [Welcome to this course class <XML and Distributed Software
Architecture>]]>

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XML
Comments
○ Start with <!-- and end with -->

○ Can be placed anywhere - as long as they are outside a tag

○ Examples

● False: <parent <! - this is not correct ->> Bob </ parent>
● True:
● <! - this is correct ->
● <child>Alice <! - this is correct -> </ child>

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EXERCISE: ARE THE FOLLOWING XML DOCUMENTS WELL-FORMED?
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<to>Tove</to>
(a) <from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<note>
(b) <to age=29>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
</note>

<?xml version =“1.0”?> <price>

<Menu> <total>10</total>
<food id=“6”>
<name>strawberry waffles</name>
(c) <currency>usd</currency>
<price curr=“usd”>10</price>
</price>
<description>light waffles covered with strawberries</description> 20
</food>
</Menu>
EXERCISE: ARE THE FOLLOWING XML DOCUMENTS WELL-FORMED?
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<MyPersonalInformation>
<FullName>Mandrix Mortel Mortini</FullName>
<BirthDate>
<Month>May</Month>
<Date>17</Date>
<Year>1983</Year>
</birthdate>
(d)
<Address>
<Street>St. Michael<Street>
<Province>Palo<Province>
<City>Tacloban<City>
<Country>Philippines<Country>
<PostalCode>6501<PostalCode>
</Address>
</MyPersonalInformation>

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EXERCISE: ARE THE FOLLOWING XML DOCUMENTS WELL-FORMED?
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<breakfast menu>
<food price=“5.95” calories=“650” price=“5.90”>
<name>Belgian Waffles</nom>
(e)
<description>two of our famous Belgian Waffles</food>
</description>
</breakfast menu>

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<classe>
<titre>HTML Partie 1
(f) <periode nom="session 1">
<periode nom="session 2">
<periode nom="session 3">
</classe>

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23 JSON
JSON
○ JavaScript Object Notation

○ A data format

○ 2 types of elements
● object: set of key / value pairs
● array of objects

○ Widely used to exchange data across the web

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JSON
○ Compared to XML, JSON
● Lightweight: used to fetch data from a server
● Higher processing speed

○ Compared to JSON, XML:

● Is more suited for presentation
● Allows the use of attributes
● Allows the creation of namespaces
● Allows extraction (XPath, XQuery, etc.)
● Allows data validation (DTD / XSD grammar)
● Allows transformation into other types of formats (XSLT) 25
JSON
○ JSON vs. XML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<book id="123"> {
<title>Object Thinking</title> "id": 123,
<author>David West</author> "title": "Object Thinking",
<published> "author": "David West",
<by>Microsoft Press</by> "published": {
<year>2004</year> "by": "Microsoft Press",
</published> "year": 2004
</book> }
}

XML FORMAT JSON FORMAT 26

167 characters 140 characters

JSON
Exercise:

Write the necessary data in JSON format,

assuming that these data will be displayed
in a view similar to the one on the right:

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JSON
{
"id": 8839,
"name": "Université Antonine",
"following": true,
"tweets": 1531,
…
"statuses": [
{
"created_at": "2015-03-21T17:32:00",
"id": 579334,
"text": "Bon travail pour vos examens! »,
"retweet_count": 17,
"favorite_count": 1,
},
{
"created_at": "2015-03-21T07:40:10",
"id": 579185,
"text": "Bienvenue à l’Université Antonine.",
"retweet_count": 0,
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"favorite_count": 25
}
]
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29 Exercises
EXERCISE 1
○ Structure a "mind map" to elaborate data relevant to a restaurant menu

○ Write the corresponding XML document

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EXERCISE 2
Write the necessary data that are needed for
display in a view similar to the one on the right:

○ In XML format
○ In JSON format

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 EXERCICE 4 (SOLUTION)
{
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> "users": [{
"id": 1,
<users> "fullname": "Ryan Hopkins",
<user id="1"> "likes": 178,
<fullname>Ryan Hopkins</fullname> "totalPosts": 13,
<likes>178</likes> "totalFollowing": 78,
<totalPosts>13</totalPosts> "totalFollowers": 65,
<totalFollowing>78</totalFollowing> "imageUrl": "http://sample.com/1.jpg",
<totalFollowers>65</totalFollowers> "city": "New York"
<imageUrl>http://sample.com/1.jpg</imageUrl> },
<city>New York</city> {
</user> "id": 2,
<user id="2"> "fullname": "John Doe",
<fullname>John Doe</fullname> "likes": 17,
<likes>17</likes> "totalPosts": 29,
<totalPosts>29</totalPosts> "totalFollowing": 13,
<totalFollowing>13</totalFollowing> "totalFollowers": 100,
<totalFollowers>100</totalFollowers> "imageUrl": "http://sample.com/2.jpg",
<imageUrl>http://sample.com/2.jpg</imageUrl> "city": "Paris"
<city>Paris</city> }
</user> ] 32
</users> }
XML PARSING IN JAVA

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<root>
<person>
<name>John Doe</name>
<age>30</age>
<city>New York</city>
</person>
<person>
<name>Jane Doe</name>
<age>25</age>
<city>Los Angeles</city>
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</person>
</root>
XML PARSING IN JAVA

// Specify the path to your XML file

String filePath = "C:\\Users\\akour\\eclipse-workspace\\
XmlParsing\\src\\persons.xml";

DocumentBuilderFactory factory =
DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder builder = factory.newDocumentBuilder();
Document document = builder.parse(filePath);

// Get the root element

Element root = document.getDocumentElement();

NodeList personList = root.getElementsByTagName("person"); 34

XML PARSING AND ITERATING

// Iterate through the list and print information

for (int i = 0; i < personList.getLength(); i++) {
Node personNode = personList.item(i);
if (personNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
Element personElement = (Element) personNode;
String name = personElement.getElementsByTagName("name").item(0).getTextContent();
String age = personElement.getElementsByTagName("age").item(0).getTextContent();
String city = personElement.getElementsByTagName("city").item(0).getTextContent();

System.out.println("Person " + (i + 1) + ":");

System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
System.out.println("City: " + city);
System.out.println();
} 35
}
ADDING NEW ELEMENT AND SAVE IT

private static Element createPersonElement(Document document, String name, String age, String city)
{
Element person = document.createElement("person");

Element nameElement = document.createElement("name");

nameElement.appendChild(document.createTextNode(name));

Element ageElement = document.createElement("age");

ageElement.appendChild(document.createTextNode(age));

Element cityElement = document.createElement("city");

cityElement.appendChild(document.createTextNode(city));

person.appendChild(nameElement);
person.appendChild(ageElement);
person.appendChild(cityElement);
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return person;
}
ADDING NEW ELEMENT AND SAVE IT

private static void saveDocument(Document document, String filePath)

{
try {
TransformerFactory transformerFactory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
Transformer transformer = transformerFactory.newTransformer();
DOMSource source = new DOMSource(document);
StreamResult result = new StreamResult(filePath);
transformer.transform(source, result);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
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}
}
 THANK YOU!
38 Questions?