iGCSE Chemistry Section 1

IGCSE CHEMISTRY LESSON 2
Section 1
a) States of matter
b) Atoms
Principles c) Atomic structure
of d) Relative formula mass
Chemistry e) Chemical formulae and
chemical equations
f) Ionic compounds
g) Covalent substances
h) Metallic crystals
i) Electrolysis
Lesson 2
1.15 calculate relative formula masses
a)Relative (Mr) from relative atomic masses (Ar)
formula mass
1.16 understand the use of the term mole
b)Chemical to represent the amount of substance
formulae and
Chemical 1.17 carry out mole calculations using
equations relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative
formula mass (Mr).
What is RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS?
By definition: “mass of a particular atom

compared to the mass of an atom of hydrogen”
Relative atomic mass is also the same as the

mass number – it’s that simple!
Relative Atomic Mass and Atomic Number
Relative Atomic
Mass
= total number of protons
and neutrons 23
ATOMIC NUMBER 11
Na
= number of protons (also
electrons)
Relative atomic mass is always bigger than the atomic

number
Look up the Mass Numbers of the
following elements:
Oxygen Carbon
Iron Lead
Iodine Helium
Nitrogen Copper
Calcium Tin
Look up the Mass Numbers of the
following elements:
Oxygen 16 Carbon 12
Iron 56 Lead 207
Iodine 127 Helium 4
Nitrogen 14 Copper 63.5
Calcium 40 Tin 119
When atoms join together to form a
compound (eg. Magnesium oxide) we
can calculate the RELATIVE FORMULA
MASS:
MASS:
Magnesium oxide
MgO
24 + 16 = 40
Chemical formulae
MgO
Chemical formulae
MgO
1 Mg, 1 O
Chemical formulae
MgO H2SO4
1 Mg, 1 O
Chemical formulae
MgO H2SO4
1 Mg, 1 O 2H, 1 S, 4 O
Chemical formulae
MgO H2SO4
1 Mg, 1 O 2H, 1 S, 4 O
Ca(OH)2
Chemical formulae
MgO H2SO4
1 Mg, 1 O 2H, 1 S, 4 O
Ca(OH)2
1 Ca, 2 O, 2 H
Chemical formulae
MgO H2SO4
1 Mg, 1 O 2H, 1 S, 4 O
Ca(OH)2 2Na2CO3
1 Ca, 2 O, 2 H
Chemical formulae
MgO H2SO4
1 Mg, 1 O 2H, 1 S, 4 O
Ca(OH)2 2Na2CO3
1 Ca, 2 O, 2 H 4 Na, 2 C, 6 O
MASS:
Magnesium oxide
MgO
24 + 16 = 40
Now calculate the Relative Formula Mass for
the following compounds:
Compound Formula Relative formula
mass
Calcium oxide CaO
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Sodium nitrate NaNO3
Aluminium Al(OH)3
hydroxide
Lead carbonate PbCO3
Compound Formula Relative formula
mass
Calcium oxide CaO 40 + 16 = 56
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 2 + 32 + 64 = 98
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 23 + 14 + 48 = 85
Aluminium Al(OH)3
hydroxide 27 + 48 + 3 = 78
Lead carbonate PbCO3 207 + 12 + 48 = 267
Relative Atomic Mass
Be Ar
aware!
Relative Atomic Mass
Be Ar
aware!
Relative Formula Mass
Mr
The mole
The mole
You may think

that the mole is
a very blind
animal that lives
underground
The mole
The mole is also

a measure widely
used in
chemistry
The mole
One mole is the

relative formula mass
(Mr) of a compound, or
relative atomic mass
(Ar) of an element,
expressed in grams
The mole
For example, the Ar of

carbon is 12.
The mole
For example, the Ar of

carbon is 12.
So the mass of one

mole of carbon is 12g.
The mole
For example, the Ar of How

carbon is 12. simple is
that?
So the mass of one

mole of carbon is 12g.
The mole
What’s the mass of

one mole of lead?
The mole

one mole of lead?
Ar of lead (Pb) = 207
So that mass of one

mole of lead is 207g
The mole
Let’s get a little more

clever now and Don’t
calculate the mass of panic!
moles from the
relative formula mass
(Mr)
The mole
For example, the Mr

of sodium hydroxide:
NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1
= 40
The mole
For example, the Mr

of sodium hydroxide:
NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1
= 40
So the mass of one

mole of sodium
hydroxide is 40g
The mole

one mole of calcium
carbonate?
The mole

one mole of calcium
carbonate?
Mr of CaCO3 =
40 + 12 + 48 = 100
The mole
What’s the mass of This isn’t

one mole of calcium rocket
carbonate? science!
Mr of CaCO3 =
40 + 12 + 48 = 100
So one mole of CaCO3

= 100g
Important equation
Steady
as you
go!
Important equation
Number of = mass used

moles Mr
Steady
as you
go!
Important equation

moles Mr
Eg how many moles are there
in 20g of sodium hydroxide?
Steady
as you
go!
Important equation

moles Mr
Number of = 20 Steady
moles 40
as you
= 0.5
go!
Important equation

moles Mr
Number of = 20 Steady
moles 40
as you
= 0.5
go!
We could even re-arrange
the equation
moles Mr
Mass used = number of x Mr
moles
moles Mr
moles
Eg. What’s the mass of 2 moles of calcium carbonate?
moles Mr
moles
Eg. What’s the mass of 2 moles of calcium carbonate?
Mass used = 2 x 100
= 200g
The mole
Lesson 2 1.18 write word equations and balanced
chemical equations to represent the
reactions studied
in this specification
a)Relative 1.19 use the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and
formula mass (aq) in chemical equations to represent
b)Chemical solids,
formulae and liquids, gases and aqueous solutions
Chemical respectively
1.20 understand how the formulae of simple
equations compounds can be obtained experimentally,
including metal oxides, water and salts
containing water of crystallisation
1.21 calculate empirical and molecular
formulae from experimental data
1.22 calculate reacting masses using
experimental data and chemical equations
1.23 carry out mole calculations using
volumes and molar concentrations.
Lesson 2 1.18 write word equations and balanced
chemical equations to represent the
reactions studied
in this specification
a)Relative 1.19 use the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and
formula mass (aq) in chemical equations to represent
b)Chemical solids,
formulae and liquids, gases and aqueous solutions
Chemical respectively
1.20 understand how the formulae of simple
equations compounds can be obtained experimentally,
including metal oxides, water and salts
containing water of crystallisation
1.21 calculate empirical and molecular
formulae from experimental data
1.22 calculate reacting masses using
experimental data and chemical equations
1.23 carry out mole calculations using
volumes and molar concentrations.
Using chemical symbols
Each element is represented by a different
symbol
…… eg Fe for iron, Na for sodium, O for oxygen
All of these symbols are in the PERIODIC TABLE

symbol
We can use these symbols to show molecules of

compounds, and they can show us the ratio of the
different elements which combine to form
compounds
symbol
We can use these symbols to show molecules of

compounds, and they can show us the ratio of the
different elements which combine to form
compounds
Eg. H2O CO2 NH3

Let’s recap on what

we covered earlier.
Eg. Sodium hydroxide

NaOH
1 atom Na: 1 atom oxygen: 1 atom hydrogen

Eg. Sodium hydroxide

NaOH
1 atom Na: 1 atom oxygen: 1 atom hydrogen
Eg. Calcium carbonate

CaCO3
1 atom Calcium, 1 atom carbon, 3 atoms oxygen

Eg. Magnesium nitrate

Mg(NO3)2
1 atom Magnesium, 2 atoms nitrogen, 6 atoms oxygen

Eg. Magnesium nitrate

Mg(NO3)2
1 atom Magnesium, 2 atoms nitrogen, 6 atoms oxygen
Eg. Aluminium sulphate

3Al2(SO4)3
6 atoms aluminium, 9 atoms sulphur, 36 atoms oxygen

Equations
Equations
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Equations
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

hydroxide
Equations
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

hydroxide
Na + H 2O NaOH + H2
Equations
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

hydroxide
Na + H 2O NaOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Equations
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

hydroxide
Na + H 2O NaOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Equations
You need to know your state symbols
(s)= solid
(l) = liquid
(aq) = aqueous solution
(g) = gas
Equations
You also need to be able to:
• write word equations when required
• recall formulae of simple covalent
compounds
• write down formulae for simple ionic
compounds
• interpret chemical formulae of
molecules
• interpret symbol equations including
state symbols
Simple covalent formulae
Water H2O
Carbon dioxide CO2
Ammonia NH3
Hydrogen H2
Oxygen O2
Nitrogen N2
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Methane CH4
Simple Ionic Formulae
Sodium chloride NaCl
Calcium chloride CaCl2
Magnesium oxide MgO
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Nitric acid HNO3
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Potassium hydroxide KOH
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Aluminium oxide Al2O3
Iron oxide Fe2O3
Writing balanced equations
Writing balanced chemical

equations can be good /
bad for your health!
The basic rule (golden rule #1)
Hydrogen + oxygen  water

H2(g) O2(g) H2O
The basic rule (golden
T !!
rule #1)
IN g e n
P O o xy o
N G nd g
I a o
Hydrogen EAR+N oxygen (H2
)
l i k
e t water
L en they
H2(g) y d r o g O- 2(g)rs H2O
e h m ic p ai
li k a to d in
se s d i n
Ga ) are arou
(O 2

H2(g) O2(g) H2O
2H 2O 2H 1O
THERE MUST BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF

ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE EQUATION
Hydrogen
H2(g)
+ oxygen 
O2(g)
water
H2O x
2H 2O 2H 1O


2H2(g) O2(g) 2H2O
4H 2O 4H 2O


2H2(g) O2(g) 2H2O
4H 2O 4H 2O

FOUR important steps:
• Put in the formulae for the elements or

compounds

compounds

compounds
• Complete the balanced symbol equation

using state symbols
Example 1:
Magnesium + Oxygen  Magnesium oxide
Example 1:
Mg + O2  MgO
Example 1: T !!
I N g e n
G PO o xy o
Magnesium I+N Oxygen nd Magnesium o g oxide
a t
A RN (H
)
l i ke
L E en they
2
o g
hydr ic - airs
Mg l i ke at+om O2in p MgO
s
se re d i nd
G a o u
) a ar
(O 2
Example 1:
Mg + O2  MgO
1 2 1 1
Example 1:
Mg + O2  MgO
1 2 1 1
2Mg + O2  2MgO
2 2 2 2
Example 1:
Mg + O2  MgO
1 2 1 1
2Mg + O2  2MgO
2 2 2 2
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)

Example 2:
nitrogen + hydrogen  ammonia
Example 2:
N2 + H2  NH3
2 2 1 3
Example 2:
N2 + H2  NH3
2 2 1 3
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
2 6 2 6
Example 2:
N2 + H2  NH3
2 2 1 3
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
2 6 2 6
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)  2NH3 (g)

2 6 2 6
End of Lesson 2
In this lesson we have covered:
Relative Formula Mass
Chemical Formulae
Chemical Equations

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IGCSE CHEMISTRY LESSON 2

By definition: “mass of a particular atom

Relative atomic mass is also the same as the

Relative atomic mass is always bigger than the atomic

Relative Formula Mass

You may think

The mole is also

One mole is the

For example, the Ar of

For example, the Ar of

So the mass of one

For example, the Ar of How

So the mass of one

What’s the mass of

What’s the mass of

Ar of lead (Pb) = 207

So that mass of one

Let’s get a little more

For example, the Mr

For example, the Mr

So the mass of one

What’s the mass of

What’s the mass of

What’s the mass of This isn’t

So one mole of CaCO3

Number of = mass used

Number of = mass used

Number of = mass used

Number of = mass used

Mass used = 2 x 100

All of these symbols are in the PERIODIC TABLE

All of these symbols are in the PERIODIC TABLE

We can use these symbols to show molecules of

All of these symbols are in the PERIODIC TABLE

We can use these symbols to show molecules of

Eg. H2O CO2 NH3

Let’s recap on what

Eg. Sodium hydroxide

1 atom Na: 1 atom oxygen: 1 atom hydrogen

Eg. Sodium hydroxide

1 atom Na: 1 atom oxygen: 1 atom hydrogen

Eg. Calcium carbonate

1 atom Calcium, 1 atom carbon, 3 atoms oxygen

Eg. Magnesium nitrate

1 atom Magnesium, 2 atoms nitrogen, 6 atoms oxygen

Eg. Magnesium nitrate

1 atom Magnesium, 2 atoms nitrogen, 6 atoms oxygen

Eg. Aluminium sulphate

6 atoms aluminium, 9 atoms sulphur, 36 atoms oxygen

Sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

Sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

Sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Sodium + water sodium + hydrogen

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Writing balanced chemical

Hydrogen + oxygen  water

Hydrogen + oxygen  water

THERE MUST BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF