Thermodynamics I

Lecture 15

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems (Ch-4)

Moving Boundary Work
Dr. Sehar Shakir
Lectures taken from Lect. Naqash Afzal
Objectives
• Examine the moving boundary work or P dV work commonly
encountered in reciprocating devices such as automotive engines
and compressors.
• Identify the first law of thermodynamics as simply a statement of
the conservation of energy principle for closed (fixed mass)
systems.
• Develop the general energy balance applied to closed systems.
• Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at
constant pressure.
• Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in
internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases.
• Describe incompressible substances and determine the changes
in their internal energy and enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for closed (fixed mass) systems
that involve heat and work interactions for general pure
substances, ideal gases, and incompressible substances.
2
MOVING BOUNDARY WORK
Moving boundary work (P dV work): Quasi-equilibrium process:
The expansion and compression work A process during which the system
in a piston-cylinder device. remains nearly in equilibrium at all
times.
Wb is positive  for expansion
Wb is negative  for compression

The work associated

with a moving
boundary is called
A gas does a boundary work.
differential
amount of work
Wb as it forces
the piston to
move by a
differential
amount ds. 3
 The boundary
work done
during a process
depends on the
path followed as
well as the end
states.

The area under the process

curve on a P-V diagram
represents the boundary work. The net work done
during a cycle is the
difference between
the work done by
the system and the
work done on the
system.
4
Example 4-1

5
Example 4-2 Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa and
200 ˚C. Heat is now transferred to the steam until the temperature reaches
250 ˚C. If the piston is not attached to a shaft and its mass is constant,
determine the work done by the steam during this process

6
Example 4-2 Boundary Work for a Constant-Pressure Process
From superheated vapor table (table A-6), the specific volumes are
v1 = 0.53434 m3/kg at state 1 (400 kPa, 200 ˚C)
v2 = 0.59520 m3/kg at state 2 (400 kPa, 250 ˚C)

Wb = (5 kg)(400 kPa)[0.59520 – 0.53434) m3/kg](1kJ/ 1kPa. M3

Wb= 121.7 kJ
kPa

400
400

5 kg
400 kPa

7
Example 4-3

8
Example 4-3

9
POLYTROPIC PROCESS
During expansion and compression processes of gases,
pressure and volume are often related by PVn = C, where n
(polytropic exponent) and C are constants. A process of
this kind is called a polytropic process.

Schematic and P-V diagram for a polytropic process.

Polytropic, Isothermal, and Isobaric processes
Polytropic process: C, n (polytropic exponent) constants
Polytropic
process

Polytropic and for ideal gas

When n = 1
(isothermal process)

Constant pressure process

What is the boundary

work for a constant-
volume process?

Schematic and
P-V diagram for
a polytropic
process. 11
Polytropic Process
Polytropic Process is described by;

For a Polytropic Process b/w two states;

and

For a Polytropic Process;

Polytropic Process Relations of an Ideal
Gas
For an Ideal gas;

For a Polytropic Process of an ideal gas b/w two states;

and
14
15
16
17
Example: Evaluating Expansion Work
Example: Evaluating Expansion Work

P2 can be found by using

Example: Evaluating Expansion Work

For n = 0 the relation becomes p = constant

W = 30 kJ
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Energy balance for any system
undergoing any process

Energy balance
in the rate form

The total quantities are related to the quantities per unit time is

Energy balance per

unit mass basis
Energy balance in
differential form

Energy balance
for a cycle

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Energy balance when sign convention is used (i.e., heat input and work
output are positive; heat output and work input are negative).

Various forms of the first-law relation

For a cycle E = 0, thus Q = W. for closed systems when sign
convention is used.

22
Example 4-5

23
Example 4-5

24
Example 4-5

25
Example 4-5

26
 Energy balance for a constant-pressure
expansion or compression process
General analysis for a closed system For a constant-pressure
undergoing a quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression

U  Wb  H
constant-pressure process. Q is to the process:
system and W is from the system.

An example of constant-pressure process

27
Example 4-6

28
Example 4-6

29
Example 4-6

30
Example

31
Example

32
Example: Energy Balance of Cycles

A gas within a piston cylinder assembly undergoes three

processes
Process 1-2: Expansion from p1 = 5 bar, V1 = 0.2 m3 to V2 = 1 m3,
during which the pV = constant
Process 2-3: Constant volume heating from state 2 to 3 where
p3 = 5 bar
Process 3-1: constant pressure compression to initial state

Sketch the processes on PV diagram and find work done in each

process, in kJ
Example: Energy Balance of Cycles

A gas within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a

thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes:

Process 1-2: Compression with pV = constant, from p 1= 1 bar,

V1 = 1.6 m3 to V2 = 0.2 m3, U2 – U1 = 0
Process 2-3: Constant pressure to V3 = V1
Process 3-1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = - 3549 kJ

There are no changes in K.E. and P.E. Determine the heat

transfer and work for Process 2-3, in kJ. Is this a power cycle
or a refrigeration cycle?
 Example: Energy Balance of Cycles

Engineering Model
Example: Energy Balance of Cycles

Work, W for the process 2-3;

Example: Energy Balance of Cycles

Heat transfer, Q for the process 2-3;

Example: Energy Balance of Cycles

Power Cycle or Refrigeration Cycle;

 SPECIFIC HEATS
Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the volume is maintained constant.
Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the pressure is maintained constant.

Constant-volume
and constant-
pressure specific
Specific heat is the energy heats cv and cp
required to raise the (values are for
temperature of a unit mass helium gas).
of a substance by one
degree in a specified way. 39
SPECIFIC HEATS
Now, express the specific heats in terms of other thermodynamic
properties, first consider constant-volume process

Conservation of energy principal

Left side represents net amount of energy transferred to the system

From def. of Cv , this energy must be equal to CvdT, Thus

or

Similarly, an expression for specific heat at constant pressure C p

• The equations in the figure are valid for any substance undergoing any
process.
• cv and cp are properties.
• cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in
enthalpy.
• A common unit for specific heats is kJ/kg · °C or kJ/kg · K. Are these units
identical?

Formal definitions of cv and cp.

The specific heat of a substance

changes with temperature.

True or False?
cp is always greater than cv.
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INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GASES

Joule showed
using this
experimental Internal energy and
apparatus that For ideal gases,
enthalpy change of
u=u(T) u, h, cv, and cp
an ideal gas
vary with
temperature only. 42
 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between cp, cv and R

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis

Specific
heat ratio

• The specific ratio varies with

temperature, but this variation is
very mild.
• For monatomic gases (helium,
argon, etc.), its value is essentially
constant at 1.667.
The cp of an ideal gas can be
• Many diatomic gases, including air,
determined from a knowledge of
have a specific heat ratio of about
cv and R.
1.4 at room temperature.
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• At low pressures, all real gases approach • u and h data for a number of
ideal-gas behavior, and therefore their gases have been tabulated.
specific heats depend on temperature only. • These tables are obtained by
• The specific heats of real gases at low choosing an arbitrary reference
pressures are called ideal-gas specific point and performing the
heats, or zero-pressure specific heats, and integrations by treating state 1
are often denoted cp0 and cv0. as the reference state.
• The u and h data are given in kJ/kg for air in
table A – 17 and usually in kJ/kmol for other
gases.

In the preparation of ideal-gas

tables, 0 K is chosen as the
reference temperature.
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Internal energy and enthalpy change when
specific heat is taken constant at an
average value

(kJ/kg)

For small temperature intervals, the

specific heats may be assumed to vary
linearly with temperature.

The relation  u = cv T
is valid for any kind of
process, constant-
volume or not.
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Three ways of calculating u and h
1. By using the tabulated u and h data.
This is the easiest and most
accurate way when tables are
readily available.
2. By using the cv or cp relations (Table
A-2c) as a function of temperature
and performing the integrations. This
is very inconvenient for hand
calculations but quite desirable for
computerized calculations. The
results obtained are very accurate.
3. By using average specific heats.
This is very simple and certainly
very convenient when property
tables are not available. The results Three ways of calculating u.
obtained are reasonably accurate if
the temperature interval is not very
large.

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 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between cp, cv and R

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis

Specific
heat ratio

• The specific ratio varies with

temperature, but this variation is
very mild.
• For monatomic gases (helium,
argon, etc.), its value is essentially
constant at 1.667.
The cp of an ideal gas can be
• Many diatomic gases, including air,
determined from a knowledge of
have a specific heat ratio of about
cv and R.
1.4 at room temperature.
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Example 4-8

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

-268˚C

48
Example 4-8

27 kJ

A-2a 3.1156 kJ/kg K

T2 = 39.4 ˚C
49
Example 4-8

P2 = 364 kPa

50
Example 4-9

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

51
Example 4-9

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

52
Example 4-10

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

53
Example 4-10

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

54
Example 4-10

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

55
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific volume
(or density) is constant. Solids and liquids are incompressible
substances.

The specific volumes of The cv and cp values of

incompressible substances incompressible substances are
remain constant during a identical and are denoted by c.
process.
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Internal Energy Changes

Enthalpy Changes

The enthalpy of a
compressed liquid
A more accurate relation than 57
Example 4-11

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

58
Example 4-11

0.7 kg 27˚C
350kPa 0.015 kW

59
Summary
• Moving boundary work
 Wb for an isothermal process
 Wb for a constant-pressure process
 Wb for a polytropic process
• Energy balance for closed systems
 Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or
compression process
• Specific heats
 Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
 Constant-volume specific heat, cv
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of ideal gases
 Specific heat relations of ideal gases
• Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
incompressible substances (solids and liquids)

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