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Charged Particles

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments with cathode rays. He found that the particles producing cathode rays had a uniform negative charge and were unaffected by an electric field but deflected by magnetic fields, showing they had a small ratio of charge to mass. Robert Millikan later directly measured the charge of individual electrons by balancing the electrical and gravitational forces on tiny charged oil droplets, determining that the electron charge is quantized at -1.6x10^-19 Coulombs.

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41 views27 pages

Charged Particles

J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments with cathode rays. He found that the particles producing cathode rays had a uniform negative charge and were unaffected by an electric field but deflected by magnetic fields, showing they had a small ratio of charge to mass. Robert Millikan later directly measured the charge of individual electrons by balancing the electrical and gravitational forces on tiny charged oil droplets, determining that the electron charge is quantized at -1.6x10^-19 Coulombs.

Uploaded by

Begaidarov Ismail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Charged Particles

Discovery of the electron


• At the end of the 19th century, physicists were
only just beginning to identify the tiny
particles which make up matter.
• One of the leaders in this field was the English
physicist J.J. Thomson
J.J. Thomson’s observations
• The beam in his tube was deflected towards a
positive plate and away from a negative plate, so
the particles involved must have negative charge.
This was confirmed by the deflection of the beam
by a magnetic field.
• When the beam was deflected, it remained as a
tight, single beam rather than spreading out into a
broad beam.
The magnetic force on a moving charge

• The force F, on a charge moving in a uniform


magnetic field depends on;
• the magnetic flux density B (strength of the
magnetic field)
• the charge Q on the particle
• the speed v of the particle.
Orbiting charges
• faster-moving particles move in bigger circles (r ∝ v);
• particles with greater masses also move in bigger
circles (they have more inertia: r ∝ m);
• a stronger field makes the particles move in tighter
circles (r ∝ 1/B).
Applications
• This is made use of in a variety of scientific
applications, such as particle accelerators and
mass spectrometers.
• It can also be used to find the charge to-mass
ratio e/mb of an electron.
• The direction of the force can be determined
from Fleming’s left-hand rule. The force F is
always at 90° to the velocity of the particle.
Consequently, the path described by the
particle will be an arc of a circle.
• This is why the path of electron beam is always a
circular arc
• The force on the electrons moving through the
magnetic field can be predicted using
Fleming’s left-hand rule
The path of a charged particle is curved in a
magnetic field.
• Remember the conventional current is always in
the direction opposite the direction of flow of
electrons.
Millikan’s oil-drop experiment
• The purpose of the experiment is to
determine the charge of an electron.
• The charge e of an electron is very small
(−1.6 × 10−19 C) and difficult to measure.
• The American physicist Robert Millikan devised an
ingenious way to do it, publishing his results in
1913.
• He used tiny, charged droplets of oil suspended in
a uniform electric field.
• If a particular droplet was stationary, he knew
that the electric force acting on it upwards was
equal to the force of gravity acting downwards on
it.
• For a droplet of charge Q and mass m:
gravitational force downwards = electric force upwards
• Once a charge was balanced, Millikan could then find the
charge on the electron by turning off the field and
determining the terminal velocity of the drop.
• He did this by timing how long it took the charge to fall a
set distance (like across ten grid units in the animation).
• The terminal speed, v, of a falling drop in a fluid is given
by v = 2r2ρg/9η,
where r is the radius of the drop, ρ is the density of the
drop (in Millikan's case it was oil), and η is the viscosity
of the fluid (air in this case).
• By measuring v, he could find the mass of the oil drop
since m = (4/3) πr3ρ, and then finally, having m and
knowing the electric field, he could calculate the charge.
http://www.webassign.net/serway/af/AF_1521.swf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijHKu6iXiRk
Quantization of charge

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