Lecture 4

Rectifiers
Dr. Muhammad Aamir

Non-Linear Load
• A load is considered non-linear if its impedance changes with the applied voltage.
The changing impedance means that the current drawn by the non-linear load will
not be sinusoidal even when it is connected to a sinusoidal voltage. These non-
sinusoidal currents contain harmonic currents that interact with the impedance of
the power distribution system to create voltage distortion(voltage harmonics) that
can affect both the distribution system equipment and the loads connected to it.
• These non-linear loads appear to be prime sources of harmonic distortion in a
power distribution system, rectifier is one of the major non-linear load.
• Harmonic problems are now common in not only industrial applications but in
commercial buildings as well. This is due primarily to new power conversion
technologies, such as the Switch-mode Power Supply (SMPS), which can be found
in virtually every power electronic device (computers, servers, monitors, printers,
photocopiers, telecom systems, broadcasting equipment, banking machines, etc.).
The SMPS is an excellent power supply, but it is also a highly non-linear load.
Harmonics(Disadvantages)
• Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects on the power distribution
system.
• The harmonic currents produced by non-linear loads can interact adversely with a
wide range of power system equipments, most notably capacitors, transformers,
and motors, causing additional losses, overheating, and overloading.
• These harmonic currents can also cause interferences with telecommunication
lines and errors in metering devices.
• Malfunction of sensitive equipment.
• Flickering lights.
Because of the adverse effects that harmonics have on Electrical Power Quality,
Standard has been developed to define a reasonable framework for harmonic control,
Its objective is to ensure steady-state harmonic limits that are acceptable by both
electric utilities and their customers.
Filters
• Harmonic distortion in power distribution systems can be
suppressed using two approaches namely,
• Passive Filters
• Active Power Filters.
Passive Filters(PF)
• The passive filtering is the simplest conventional solution to mitigate the harmonic
distortion.
• Conventional passive filters consist of inductance, capacitance, and resistance
elements configured and tuned to control harmonics.
• Over the years, these passive filters have developed to high level of sophistication.
Some even tuned to bypass specific harmonic frequencies.
• The single-tuned “notch” filter is the most common and economical type of
passive filter, harmonic currents are diverted from their normal flow path through
the filter.
• Another popular type of passive filter is the high-pass filter (HPF), HPF will allow a
large percentage of all harmonics above its corner frequency to pass through.
Passive Filter(with three-phase non-linear load)
Passive Filters(Disadvantages)
• Simple and least expensive, the passive filter inherits several shortcomings.
• These are mostly single frequency tuned filter.
• Passive elements do not always respond correctly to the dynamics of the power
distribution systems.
• The filter components are very bulky because the harmonics that need to be
suppressed are usually of the low order.
• The filter design is heavily dependent on the power system in which it is connected
to.
• Passive filters are known to cause resonance, thus affecting the stability of the
power distribution system.
• Frequency variation of the power distribution system and tolerances in
components values affect the filtering characteristics.
• As the regulatory requirements become more stringent, the passive filters might
not be able to meet future revisions of a particular Standard. This may required a
retrofit of new filters.
Active Power Filters(APF)
• Remarkable progress in power electronics had spurred interest in APF for harmonic
distortion mitigation.
• The basic principle of APF is to utilize power electronics technologies to produce
specific currents components that cancel the harmonic currents components
caused by the nonlinear load.
• Active power filters are the emerging devices, which can perform the job of
harmonic elimination more effectively. The active power filters are used to filter
out higher as well as lower order harmonics in the power system.
Components of Typical APF
The working of active power filter consists of mainly three stages.
1. Signal conditioning
2. Derivation of compensating signal.
3. Generation of gating signal.
Signal conditioning refers to the detection or sensing of harmonics in the power
distribution line. The reference signal estimation is initiated through the detection
of essential voltage/current signals to gather accurate system variables information.
Components of Typical APF(Cont)
• The next stage is the derivation of compensating signal from the disrupted wave
consists of both fundamental wave and the harmonic contents. It can be done by
two different methods frequency domain approach and time domain approach.
Frequency domain approach use Fourier transformation method for this purpose.
While Time domain approach uses different methods like Synchronous dq Frame,
Instantaneous Power Theory and Sine Multiplication Theorem.
• The third stage is the generation of gating signal for harmonic suppression.
Different control techniques like Linear control technique, Hysteresis Control
Technique are use. The output of the gating signal generator controls the power
circuit via a suitable interface. Finally, the power circuit in the generalised block
diagram can be connected in parallel, series or parallel/series configurations
depending on the interfacing inductor/transformer used.
Active Power Filters(Advantages)
• Unlike passive filters, they do not cause resonances with the power distribution
systems.
• The APF performance is independent of power distribution system properties.
• They can suppress not only the supply current harmonics, but also the reactive
currents.
• It is easy to couple with power distribution system.
Classifications of APF
Shunt Active Power Filter
• This is most important configuration and widely used in active filtering
applications.
• The voltage source inverter (VSI) based shunt APF is by far the most common type
used today.
• It consists of a DC-bus capacitor (Cf), power electronic switches and an interfacing
inductors (Lf). The operation of shunt APF is based on injection of compensation
current which is equals to the distorted current, thus eliminating the original
distorted current.
Shunt APF(Cont)
• This is achieved by “shaping” the compensation current waveform (if), using the
VSI switches. The shape of compensation current is obtained by first measuring the
non-linear load current (iL) and then sinusoidal refrence signal subtracting from it.
The aim of shunt APF is to obtain a sinusoidal source current (is) using the
relationship:
is = iL-if
Shunt Active Power Filter(with three-phase non-
linear load)
Series Active Power Filter
• It is connected in series with the distribution line through a matching transformer.
VSI is used as the controlled source, thus the principle configuration of series APF
is similar to shunt APF.
• The operation principle of series APF is based on isolation of the harmonics in
between the non-linear load and the source, this is obtained by the injection of
harmonic voltages (vf) across the interfacing transformer.
Series Active Power Filter(Cont)
• The injected harmonic voltages are added/subtracted, to/from the source voltage
to maintain a pure sinusoidal voltage waveform across the non-linear load.
• Series APF is less commen than Shunt APF.
Hybrid Active Power Filters
• For high-order harmonics, the hardware limitation of sampling rate in real-time
application is present.
• Furthermore, the utilization of fast switching transistors in APF application causes
switching frequency noise to appear in the compensated source current, this
switching frequency noise requires additional filtering to prevent interference with
other sensitive equipments.
• Technical limitations of conventional APFs mentioned above can be overcome with
hybrid APF configurations.
• Hybrid APFs are the combination of basic APFs and passive filters.
• Hybrid APFs, inheriting the advantages of both passive filters and APFs, provide
improved performance and cost-effective solutions.
• The idea behind this scheme is to simultaneously reduce the switching noise.
Hybrid APFs(Cont)
• In this scheme, a low cost passive high-pass filter (HPF) is used in addition to the
conventional APF.
• The harmonics filtering task is divided between the two filters. The APF cancels the
lower order harmonics, while the HPF filters the higher order harmonics. The main
objective of hybrid APF, therefore is to improve the filtering performance of high-
order harmonics while providing a cost-effective low order harmonics mitigation.
• Two most prominent Hybrid APFs are:
Hybrid APFs(Cont)
• (a) is the system configuration of the hybrid shunt APF. Both the shunt APF and
passive filter are connected in parallel with the non-linear load, The function of the
hybrid APF can thus be divided into two parts: the low-order harmonics are
cancelled by the shunt APF, while the higher frequency harmonics are filtered by
passive HPF.
• (b) shows the system configuration of hybrid series APF, in which the series APF is
coupled to the distribution line by an interfacing transformer, The shunt passive
filter consists of one or more single tuned LC filters and/or a HPF. The hybrid series
APF is controlled to act as a harmonic isolator between the source and non-linear
load by injection of a controlled harmonic voltage source.
Hybrid Series APF & Shunt Passive Filter(with
three-phase non-linear load)
Shunt PF filter out the load current harmonics and series APF mitigate
the voltage harmonics at source side.
Hybrid Shunt APF & Series APF
Shunt APF mitigate the load current harmonics and the Series APF
mitigate voltage harmonics at source side.
Hybrid Series Combination of APF and PF
Passive filter mitigate the load current harmonics and APF mitigate the
voltage harmonics at load side.
Control of APF using dq Theory
1) In this scheme, first the three-phase non-linear load current convert into dq rotating
refrence frame then high pass filtering is applied to pass only harmonic components. Inverse
dq transform is applied to convert signal into three-phase refrence frame, this signal
which only contains harmonic components act as compensation signal if.
Second-Control
2) In this scheme, first the three-phase non-linear load current convert into dq rotating
refrence frame then low pass filtering is applied to pass only fundamental
components. Inverse dq transform is applied to convert signal into three-phase
refrence frame, this signal which only contains fundamental components subtract
from non-linear load current to obtain harmonic components which act as
compensation signal if.
Simulink Simulation(three-phase non-linear load)
dq theory is applied to obtain the fundamental frequency signal.
1st signal is three-phase non-linear load current.
2nd signal is the harmonic component of non-linear load current.
3rd signal is fundamental component of non-linear load current.
Simulink Simulation(three-phase non-linear load)
Voltage harmonics at source side due to non-linear current.
Results
Refrence
• Zainal Salam*, Tan Perng Cheng and Awang Jusoh, “ Harmonics Mitigation Using
Active Power Filter: A Technological Review, ” www.researchgate.net, VOL.8, NO.2,
2006, 17‐26.
• Babitha T Abraham, Anju Jacob, “A Review of Active Power Filters In Power System
Applications, ” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics
and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 6, June 2014.

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Rectifiers

Dr. Muhammad Aamir

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