DAR-ES-SALAAM UNIVERYSITY COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND WINDOWS

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SECTION 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND ITS COMPONENTS

Lesson1: Computer Types

Lesson2: Hardware Components

Lesson3: Software Components

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Computer:
Is a programmable machine that receives
input, stores and manipulates
(processing) data/information and
provides output in a useful format.

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• Data and Information

All computer processing requires data, which is a
collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as
numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the
computer during the input phase.

Computers manipulate data to create information.

Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output Phase, the information that has been
created is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for
future use.
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Devices that comprise a computer system

Monitor
Speaker
(output)
(output) System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
Mouse
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input)

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What Does A Computer Do?

Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage

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• Input is when the information is entered

into the computer.
• Processing is performing operations on or
manipulating data.
• Output is the result of the data
processing.
• Storage refers to devices that can retain
the data when the computer is
deactivated.
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• The Primary hardware Components Of A Computer

• Input devices.
• Central Processing Unit
(containing the control unit
and the arithmetic/logic
unit).
• Memory.
• Output devices.
• Storage devices.

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Input Devices
 Keyboard.

 Mouse.

 Scanners

 Microphone

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The Keyboard
The most commonly used input device is the keyboard on
which data is entered by manually keying in or typing certain
keys. A keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

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The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control the movement of a
mouse pointer on the screen to make selections from the
screen. A common mouse has three buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism that detects
movement of the mouse.

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The Central processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU) contains electronic circuits
that cause processing to occur. The CPU interprets
instructions to the computer, performs the logical and
arithmetic processing operations, and causes the input and
output operations to occur. It is considered the “brain” of the
computer.

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Memory
• Memory also called Random Access Memory or RAM
(temporary memory) is the main memory of the
computer. It consists of electronic components that store
data including numbers, letters of the alphabet, graphics
and sound. Any information stored in RAM is lost when
the computer is turned off.

• Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is etched on

a chip that has start-up directions for your computer. It is
permanent memory.

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Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available
for use. The two output devices more
commonly used are the printer and
the computer screen.

The printer produces a hard copy of your

output, and the computer screen
produces a soft copy of your output.

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 Speaker
It is an output device that converts an electrical signal
into sound.

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Storage Devices
Storage devices are used to store data when
they are not being used in memory. The most
common types of storage used on personal
computers are
•flash disks,
•hard disks
•CD-ROM drives or Optical Media Storage

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 Hard disk Drive

Anything that is on your computer is stored to your

internal hard drive. Anything that you download,
document that you create, applications that you install,
your pictures, videos and music are all stored directly to
your hard drive.

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 Optical media storage

Are CD or DVD. When your burn a CD, you are storing

songs and music on the CD so that you can listen to it
later. If you are burning a DVD, you are storing a video
on it so that you can watch it later

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Flash Drives

• Flash drives are one of the newest forms of computer storage.

These drives connect to any computer by way of USB. Often times,
students as well as business professionals, use flash drives as a
simple way to transport text documents to and from work, and to
and from school.

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Computer Software
Is the collection of computer programs and related data
that provide the instructions telling a computer what to
do. Computer software is the key to productive use of
computers. E.g. Windows 7

Software can be categorized into two types:

• Operating system software

• Application software.

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Operating system software

The operating system is the core software
component of your computer. It performs many
functions; a computer is described as consisting
of several component parts including your
monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other parts. The
operating system provides an interface to these
parts using what is referred to as "drivers". This
is why sometimes when you install a new printer
or other piece of hardware, your system will ask
you to install more software called a driver
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Types of Operating System

Microsoft Windows - a series of software operating systems and
graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft.
Mac OS X - Most recent versions of operating system based on UNIX
but it has a good graphical interface so it is both stable (does not
crash often or have as many software problems as other systems
may have) and easy to learn. One drawback to this system is that it
can only be run on Apple produced hardware.
Linux, Unix, Ubuntu – Software Operating system which whicha
are mostly used comand to perform the operation.
The most common is the Microsoft suite of operating systems which
includes:
Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows XP, Windows 2000.

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Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that tell a
computer how to produce information. Are installed on
computers to give users the ability to do specific tasks.
Some of the more commonly used packages are:
 Word processing
 Electronic spreadsheet
 Database
 Presentation graphics

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Word processing: is the most common

applications software. The great
advantage of word processing over using
a typewriter is that you can make changes
without retyping the entire document.
Word processors make it easy to
manipulate and format documents.

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• Spreadsheets: are computer programs

that let people electronically create and
manipulate spreadsheets (tables of values
arranged in rows and columns with
predefined relationships to each other).
Spreadsheets are used for mathematical
calculations such as accounts, budgets,
and statistics

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• Database management: applications are

computer programs that let people create
and manipulate data in a database. A
database is a collection of related
information that can be manipulated and
used to sort information, conduct statistical
analyses or generate reports

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 Presentation graphics: are computer

programs that enable users to create
highly stylized images for slide
presentations and reports. They can also
be used to produce various types of charts
and graphs. Many software applications
include graphics components including:
paint programs, desktop publishing
applications.
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• Communications applications:
• typically include software to enable
people to send faxes and emails and dial
into other computers. E.g Microsoft
Outlook

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• THANK YOU!!

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