A Simplified and effective GMPP

tracking Algorithm for Solar

Photovoltaic System
Presented By: Authors:
Shwetank Agrawal Dr. Barjeev Tyagi Dr. Vishal Kumar
Dr. Barjeev Tyagi
Dr. Pramod Agarwal Dr. Pawan Sharma

51st North American Power Symposium

 Content
• Overview
• Motivation
• PhotoVoltaic Characteristics and It’s Modeling
• Problem Formation
• Proposed GMPP Method
• Simulation Result and Analysis
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgment
• References
 Overview
• A new simplified and effective GMPP tracking algorithm under partial shading conditions has
been proposed in this work.
• The tracking of the global peak is important for efficient power withdrawal from the PV Array as
the maximum power point changes with irradiance on the voltage scale.
• Proposed algorithm:
1. Calculation of different duty cycles near to all possible maxima at different solar irradiance
level at different time.
2. Selection of a duty cycle which provide power near to the maximum power available at
that time.
3. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) approach is applied at the selected duty cycle to achieve
GMPP.
4. Repeat the algorithm if the difference between measured power and tracked GMPP is
more than the tolerance level.
• The simulation studies are performed for different irradiance conditions.
• For the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, it is compared with the conventional P&O.
 Motivation
• Due to the reduced cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels from the last recent years, the PV’s has
become an important source of renewable energy.
• Solar energy is clean and free energy, which can be utilized to generate power along with it also
reduce the carbon emission produced by conventional energy sources.
• Development of distributed energy sources in India like countries can be beneficial due to its wide
geographical regions and the availability of solar irradiances.
• Can supply power to the remote locations where the expansion of the transmission line is not
cost-effective.
• As per the Paris Accord on Climate Change, India has pledged that by 2030, 40% of installed
power generation capacity shall be based on clean sources. It was determined that 175 GW of
renewable energy capacity will be installed by 2022 out of which 100 GW will be from solar.
So to avail power for all at low cost, an effective system is needed to be developed which can be
expanded easily.
 PhotoVoltaic Characteristics & Modeling
The PV models are classified into three main types:

I + Rs I + Rs I +
V V V
I ph I ph Rsh I ph
- - -
(a) (b) (c)
Fig.1 (a) ISDM; (b) SDM; (c) simplified single-diode model (SSDM).

The basic I-V characteristic for PV module which has series-connected cells are expressed as (1):
(1)

In this paper the ideal single-diode model (ISDM) is used, ISDM includes simplicity, ease of modeling
and accuracy. The model relies on the ideal single-diode model (ISDM) expressed in (2):
(2)
 PhotoVoltaic Characteristics & Modeling
The solar-generated current in the module, depends on solar irradiance and
temperature based on (3)
(3)

The open circuit voltage of the PV module depends on the temperature based as
(4)
(4)

The diode saturation current is expressed as (5)

(5)

Where is the saturation current at STC and is calculated as (6)

(6)

Continued…
 Problem Formation
The three conditions of irradiance are considered as below:
• Condition 1: PV Array under STC

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
• Irradiance = 1 at 250C (STC) given to all the modules
• Condition 2: PV Array under Partial Shading 1

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
• Irradiance = 2 at 250C, Irradiance = 0.7 at 250C are given to first and
last two modules of the first string respectively.

Load
• Irradiance = 0.7 at 250C, Irradiance = 0.5 at 250C are given to first and

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
last two modules of the second string respectively.
• Irradiance = 0.5 at 250C is given to remaining string modules.

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
• Condition 3: PV Array under Partial Shading 2
• Irradiance = 0.7 at 250C, Irradiance = 0.2 at 250C are given to first and
last two modules of the first string respectively.
• Irradiance = 4.5 at 250C, Irradiance = 0.2 at 250C are given to first and Fig.2 PV Array configuration having 8
last two modules of the second string respectively. strings consisting 4 series module in
• Irradiance = 0.5 at 250C is given to remaining string modules. each string.
 Problem Formation
80 12000
60 6000

1*Voc,module

2*Voc,module

3*Voc,module

4*Voc,module

1*Voc,module

2*Voc,module

3*Voc,module

4*Voc,module
70
10000
Fig.3 Fig.4 50 5000
60
8000
Condition 1
50 40 4000

Power (W)
Current (A)

Current (A)

Power (W)
40 6000
30 3000
30
4000
20 2000
20
I-V Characteristics 2000 I-V Characteristics
10 P-V Characteristics 10 P-V Characteristics 1000

0
0 50 100 150
0
200
Condition 2 0 0
0 50 100 150 200
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)

80 7000
1*Voc,module

2*Voc,module

3*Voc,module

4*Voc,module

70 6000
Fig.5
60
5000
50
Current (A)

Power (W)

4000
40
Condition 3
30
3000
PV Array characteristics for
20
I-V Characteristics
2000
all the three conditions
10 P-V Characteristics 1000

0 0
0 50 100 150 200
Voltage (V)

Continued…
 Proposed GMPP Method
The voltage across the point AB due to the PV array will be as (7).
L
Diode
A

(7)

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
Average voltage across the point AB for the duty cycle , due to the

Switch
PV Array will be as (8): C in

DC BUS
(8)

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PWM
Where is the average voltage across the point AB, which will be
equivalent to the average voltage across the PV array, at

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module

PV Module
temperature T as (9)
(9) PV Array B
Vavgarray
I avgarray MPPT Controller and
No. of series Drive Circuit
connected Module

Fig. 6 Schematic of the system

 Proposed GMPP Method
Equation (8) and (9) can further rearrange as (10):
(10)

The average for obtaining the nearest point to local maxima can be written as (11)
(11)
Where and is the total number of the series connected module.

As open circuit voltage across the PV array will equal to the sum of the voltages across the series
connected module at a given temperature which can be calculated as (12).
(12)

Hence from (10), (11) and (12), the duty cycle for the nearest point of local maxima will be as (13)
(13)

Continued…
 Proposed GMPP Method
START

Obtain m = total series connected module Apply Duty Cycle d peak and measure
in a string and store in memory power Ppeak .

Calculate different value of d as (13) and Vary d peak by d as per P&O

store in memory. method. Obtain Pgmpp and store in
Initialize variables memory.
i  1, Pgmpp  0, Ppeak  0,
define d and start GMPP scan

Keep Applying P&O and

measure Power Pmeasure .
Apply Duty Cycle d.

Measure Power P Is
No
Pgmpp  Pmeasure  
.

Yes
No
Is P  Ppeak .
Reset variable and start
Yes GMPP scan

Ppeak  P,
d peak  d

i  i 1

No
Is i  m .

Yes

Fig. 7 Flowchart for the proposed GMPP Method.

Continued…
 Simulation Result and Analysis
80 12000 60 6000

D = 0.8

D = 0.6

D = 0.4

D = 0.2

D = 0.8

D = 0.6

D = 0.4

D = 0.2
70
Fig. 8 60 10000 Fig. 9 50 5000
Condition 1
8000 40 4000
50

Power (W)
Current (A)

Current (A)

Power (W)
40 6000
30 3000
30
4000
20 2000
20
I-V Characteristics 2000 I-V Characteristics
10 P-V Characteristics 10 P-V Characteristics 1000

0 0
Condition 2
0 50 100 150 200 0 0
Voltage (V) 0 50 100 150 200
80 7000 Voltage (V)
D = 0.8

D = 0.6

D = 0.4

D = 0.2

70 6000
Fig. 10
60
5000
50
Current (A)

Power (W)

4000
40
Different duty cycles at the multiple of
3000 Condition 3 in all three conditions.
30
2000
20
I-V Characteristics
10 P-V Characteristics 1000

0 0
0 50 100 150 200
Voltage (V)
 Simulation Result and Analysis
12000 12000
PV Power Output(average) PV Power Output (average)
10000 10000
Tracked Condition 2
Tracked
Condition 2 8000
8000
Power(W)

Power(W)
6000
Tracked
6000 Condition 1
4000

4000
2000 Tracked Condition 3
Tracked Condition 1
2000 Tracked
0
Condition 3

0 -2000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Fig. 11 Tracked power under different conditions Fig. 12 Tracked power under different conditions
by proposed GMPP tracker by conventional P&O tracker.

Continued…
 Simulation Result and Analysis
GMPP TRACKER COMPARISON IN ONLINE
MODE
Proposed GMPP Tracker Conventional P&O Tracker
Condition
Power (W) GMPP Power (W) GMPP
Tracked Tracked Tracked Tracked

Condition 1 11020 Yes 11027 Yes

Condition 2 5630 Yes 5639 Yes

Condition 3 6090 Yes 4505 No

Continued…
 Conclusion
• A new GMPP tracking algorithm is proposed which perform well under partial shading condition.
• In uniform irradiance condition, the conventional P&O method works well as uniform iraadiance
condition has only one peak in P-V Characteristic of PV Array.
• In partial shading condition, conventional P&O method gets trapped due to the occurrence of
multiple peaks.
• As the irradiance pattern changes, the GMPP shifts to the different voltage level on the voltage
scale in P-V characteristics.
• In online mode, the conventional P&O method does not scan the whole PV characteristic which
causes the conventional P&O method to be trapped in the first obtained maxima.
• The proposed method calculates the all possible region where GMPP can occur and then applies
the calculated duty cycle where the possible maximum power can occur.
• The power corresponding to duty cycles are measured and the point having maximum power
value is selected which is near to the GMPP.
• For further tuning in the last stage, the P&O method is used which also takes care of the small
changes in the irradiance and temperature to keep the tracker always at GMPP.
 Acknowledgment
The work is done under the project:
“Design and Development of Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid with Value Chain Applications
for Agriculture Dairy Farm”

Supported By:
Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India under MI Smart Grids Scheme.

The partner Institutes:

• Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
• Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India.
• University of Tromso, Norway.
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Continued…
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Continued…
PhotoVoltaic Characteristics

Thank You!...