SBIO - Introduction To Biodiversity

Biodiversity
Unit Expected
Outcomes:
RECITE THE MEANING OF
BIODIVERSITY FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL
PERSPECTIVES.
DIFFERENTIATE THE TYPES

OF BIODIVERSITY
IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANCE

OF BIODIVERSITY
What is
Biodiversity?
Bio = Life
Diversity = Variety
Biodiversity = the variety
of life on
Earth
* Alfonso & Dallmeier, WWF
“variety of living things on earth, to include billions of

species inhabiting land, air, & aquatic ecosystems”
* Zamora (UP Diliman)
“sum total of variations

among living organisms at
the genetic, species, and
ecosystem levels reflecting
the vast wealth of life that
has evolved through time”
“indicates patterns of
distribution of a variety of
genetic and biological
resources in both terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems”
At its simplest, biodiversity describes life on Earth –
the different genes, species and ecosystems that
comprise the biosphere and the varying habitats,
landscapes and regions in which they exist.
Different Levels of Biodiversity
It is the total genetic
Genetic Diversity information
contained in the
genes of all the
species. It also refers
to the variation in
genetic information
between species as
well as the variations
between individuals
of the same species.
Species Diversity
It is the variety of
species on Earth. It
refers to both the
number of species
and the number of
individuals within
each species.
Ecosystem Diversity
It is the variety of
habitats, natural
communities and
ecological processes
in the biosphere.
Why
Biodiversity is
Important?
1.ECOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
The gaseous composition of the atmosphere,
regulation of the global climate, generation
and maintenance of soils, recycling of
nutrients and waste products, and biological
control of pest species. Plants, specifically,
serve as the primary producers that provide
the energy that issued and channeled to
different components of the ecosystem. The
interactions among and between the
elements of the ecosystem determine the
productivity, stability, and sustainability
ecosystem including functions such as
reproduction and regeneration, nutrient and
water cycling, biotic stability and others.
Biodiversity also promotes biomass and
genetic input for new species (Sajise, 2005).
2. ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
Biodiversity provides the basic materials
needed by man to exist, such as food,
clothing, and shelter. They provide raw
materials for new and traditional
medicines, thus improving human health.
They support livelihoods and provide
income, i.e., tourism, education,
technology, and research.
3. AESTHETIC
IMPORTANCE
Biodiversity provides a sense of

satisfaction and pride in knowing that
there are rare flora and fauna that
exist in the area. They also provide
opportunities for recreational
activities, such as bird watching, scuba
diving, snorkeling, and nature
photography.
4. CULTURAL
IMPORTANCE
The cultural value of biological diversity
conservation for present and future
generations is an important reason for
conserving it today. Human cultures co-
evolve with their environment, and
therefore the conservation of biological
diversity can also be important for
cultural identity. The natural
environment provides many
inspirational, aesthetic, spiritual and
educational needs of people from all
cultures both now and in the future.
The aesthetic values of our natural
ecosystems and landscapes
contribute to the emotional and
spiritual well being of a highly
urbanized population. The
conservation of biological diversity
also has ethical benefits. The
presence of a wide range of living
organisms reminds people that they
are but one interdependent part of
Earth.
Aboriginal relationships to the land

and sea, and its animals and plants
are complex. To these people the
land and sea have deep spiritual,
economic, social, protective and
recreational significance. Biological
diversity conservation can contribute
to the conservation of Aboriginal
cultural identity. Landscapes also
reflect cultural diversity. We value
this diversity because it contributes
to our sense of belonging. It is the
essence of our interpretation of
viewing reality. Landscapes have
embodied local history and inspired
the imaginations of different
populations for thousands of years.
Philippine Biodiversity
Rafflesia manillana, the world’s largest flower;
1. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling), one of the world’s
largest orchid species;
2. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -eating eagle), the
largest bird;
3. Rhincodon typus, the largest fish;
4. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest seashell;
5. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the smallest
freshwater fish;
Euanthe sanderiana syn. Vanda sanderiana (waling-
waling), one of the world’s largest orchid species;
Vanda luzonica is a species of vanda, a flower of the orchid family. It is a rare type
of orchid and is endangered. Vanda luzonica is named after the island of Luzon in
the Philippines. Vanda luzonica is epiphytic and can grow quite large. It has
leathery leaves growing from 20–50 cm long.
Eucalyptus deglupta is a species of tall tree, commonly
known as the rainbow eucalyptus, Mindanao gum, or
rainbow gum that is native to the Philippines.
Nepenthes philippinensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to
the Philippines. It is known from Palawan and the neighbouring Calamian
Islands (including Busuanga, Coron, and Culion) and Linapacan, where it
grows at 0–600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level.
Xanthostemon verdugonianus, commonly known as
mangkono or Philippine ironwood, is a species of plant
in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the islands of
the Visayas, Palawan, and northeastern Mindanao. It is
valued for its extremely durable and heavy timber. It is
threatened by habitat loss.
Philippine Biodiversit
Pithecophaga jefferyi
(monkey - eating
eagle), the largest
bird;
Rhincodon typus, the largest fish;
1. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest seashell;
freshwater fish;
Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest seashell;
freshwater fish;
Philippine
Biodiversity
Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the

smallest primate
Philippine
Biodiversity
Tragalus nigricans
(Philippine Mouse
deer), the smallest
hoofed mammal
Philippine
Biodiversity
Acerodon jubatus
The giant golden-crowned flying fox, also

known as the golden-capped fruit bat, is a
species of megabat endemic to the
Philippines. Since its description in 1831,
three subspecies of the giant golden-
crowned flying fox have been recognized,
one of which is extinct.
Philippine
Biodiversity
Naja philippinensis, the Philippine cobra also called
Philippine spitting cobra or northern Philippine cobra, is a
stocky, highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to
the northern regions of the Philippines.
Philippine
Biodiversity
Tylonycteris pachpus
(bamboo bat), the
smallest bat
Philippine
Biodiversity
Sardinella tawilis is a
freshwater sardine found
exclusively in the
Philippines. It is the only
member of the genus
Sardinella known to exist
entirely in fresh water.
Gallicolumba luzonica
Five Bleeding-heart dove species are
endemic to the Philippines, with three
classified as Critically Endangered by the
IUCN. Massive deforestation, which has
been going on for decades, is the primary
threat to these birds.
Philippine
Biodiversity
Pisidum, the
tiniest shell in
the world
Philippine
Biodiversity
Connus gloriamaris, one

of the most expensive
shells in the world
Philippine
Biodiversity
Cervus alfredi, the

most endangered
deer;
Philippine
Biodiversity
Bubalus mindorensis
(tamarau or dwarf
water buffalo), one of
the top ten most
endangered species
in the world and the
largest endangered
animal.
Threats in Biodiversity

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Biodiversity

DIFFERENTIATE THE TYPES

IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANCE

“variety of living things on earth, to include billions of

“sum total of variations

Biodiversity provides a sense of

Aboriginal relationships to the land

Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the

The giant golden-crowned flying fox, also

Connus gloriamaris, one

Cervus alfredi, the

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