REAL-TIME SYSTEMS -

U20ECE825

UNIT - I
Introduction and Real-Time Task
Scheduling
Real time – Applications – Basic Model of
real-time system – Characteristics – Safety and
reliability – Types of real-time tasks and their
characteristics – Task scheduling – Clock-
driven scheduling - Hybrid schedulers –
Event-driven scheduling – Earliest Deadline
First scheduling
1. Rajib Mall, “Real-Time Systems: Theory and Practice”, Pearson
Education India, 2009.
 Real-Time Systems
• Real-time systems are computer systems that must
respond to inputs within a certain period.
• This contrasts with general-purpose computer
systems, which can take their time to respond to
inputs.
• Real-time systems are computing systems that must
produce correct results logically and within specific
time constraints.
• These systems are used in various applications,
from medical devices to industrial control systems to
autonomous vehicles.
Performance
• Two important factors are
• How fast does a system respond
• When it fails, what happens?
 Real-time control
Real- Consequences of
Application Operation
time Failure

Hard The ABS should apply and release the

Automatic Braking Loss of human
brakes several times per second to prevent
System life
the car's wheels from locking.

Nuclear plant safety Loss of human

Hard Actuation of emergency cooling systems
systems life

If a patient's treatment goes beyond any

Radiation burns
Override in Radiation reasonably prescribed duration, the
Hard and possible
Machine machine itself must instantly turn itself
death
off

Watching a streaming
video requires a certain number of frames Poor viewing
Soft video Streaming via a
per second. experience
wireless router

the Smartphone Your input may experience a delay in

Soft Annoyance
touchscreen moving to the desired screen
• Video • Video
 Sensors, navigation, and
communications: The “senses” of a car

Source: https://semiengineering.com/radar-for-automotive-why-do-we-need-radar/
Radar architecture
ADAS/AD system trend:
integration of sensors.
Combinat
ions for
different
radar
applicatio
ns.
Placement
of radar
sensors on
a car for
360°
coverage.
Typical range and Field of
View for automotive radar.
 Feature Camera LiDAR Radar

Sensing Mechanism Visible light Laser pulses Radio waves

2D images, color 3D point cloud, object 2D image, object

Data Output
information shapes and sizes presence and distance

High resolution, good for High accuracy, detailed Long range, all-weather
Strengths object recognition, 3D mapping, weather performance,
abundant data resilience affordable

Limited range, susceptible

Expensive, limited Lower resolution,
to lighting conditions,
Weaknesses range, weather- limited object
requires processing for
sensitive identification
object detection

Lane detection, traffic sign Collision avoidance,

3D mapping, obstacle
Applications in recognition, pedestrian long-range object
detection, localization,
Autonomous Cars detection, low-speed detection, bad weather
high-speed navigation
navigation operation

Cost Moderate High Low

Computational
High High Moderate
Requirements
Pros and cons of different sensor technologies for
automotive applications.
 Real-time
systems are used
in a variety of
applications
 Real-time systems are used in a
variety of applications, including:
Real-time systems are used in a wide variety of
applications where the correctness of the results
depends not only on the logical output but also on the
timeliness of the output.
• Control systems: Real-time control systems are used to control
physical processes, such as the flight of an aircraft or the operation
of a manufacturing plant.
• Robotics: Real-time robotic systems are used to control robots,
which must be able to react to their environment in real time.
• Multimedia: Real-time multimedia systems are used to process and
deliver multimedia content, such as audio and video.
Applications of Real-Time Systems

Medical devices Industrial control systems

(e.g., pacemakers, insulin (e.g., robots, process
pumps) control)

Avionics (e.g., flight Telecommunications

control systems, navigation (e.g., cellular
systems) networks, internet routing)

Multimedia systems
Automotive systems
(e.g., video
(e.g., anti-lock
conferencing, online
brakes, airbag deployment)
gaming)
Basic Model of a
Real-Time System
Basic Model of a Real-Time
System
Sensors: Collect data from the environment

Actuators: Control the physical system

Processor: Processes data and makes decisions

Clock: Keeps track of time

Cont.
• A basic model of a real-time system
consists of four main components:
sensors, actuators, processors, and
clocks.
• Sensors collect data from the
environment and send it to the
processor.
• The Processor processes the
data and makes decisions about
how to control the physical
system.
• The Actuators then carry out
the processor's commands.
• The Clock keeps track of time
and ensures that tasks are
completed within their deadlines.
Model
Real-Time
Systems
Cont.
 The “Window of Scarcity”
Resources may be categorized as:
• Abundant: Virtually any system design methodology can be
used to realize the timing requirements of the application.
• Insufficient: The application is ahead of the technology
curve; no design methodology can be used to realize the
timing requirements of the application.
• Sufficient but scarce: It is possible to realize the timing
requirements of the application, but careful resource
allocation is required.
Example: Interactive/Multimedia
Applications
Example: Real-Time Applications
Many real-time systems are control systems
Ex: A simple one-sensor, one-actuator control system
 Simple Control System
Pseudo-code for this system:

• T is called the sampling period.

• T is a key design choice.
• Typical range for T: seconds to milliseconds.
Time
 Multi-rate Control Systems
More complicated control systems have multiple sensors and
actuators and must support control loops of different rates.
Example 2: Helicopter flight controller.

Note: Having only harmonic rates simplifies the system

Hierarchical Control Systems
 Signal-Processing System
• Signal-processing systems transform data from one
form to another.
• Examples:
• Digital filtering.
• Video and voice compression/decompression.
• Radar signal processing.
• Response times range from a few milliseconds to a
few seconds.
Example: Radar System