Lesson 1,2,3,4

LESSON 1
A typhoon is a giant, rotating storm

that brings wind, rain, and
destruction. Hurricanes and typhoons
are both kinds of tropical cyclones. So
if you see one coming, watch out!
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF
TYPHOON
LESSON 2:
THUNDERSTORM
THUNDERSTORM
• A weather condition characterized by

heavy rain and wind accompanied by
lightning, thunder; sometimes with hail
and tornadoes.
• It can last for 30 munites to several

hours.
Thunderstorm Formation
• Convection is the key mechanism in
thunderstorm formation.
• Updraft - rising air
• Downdraft - downward moving air
• Thunderstorms form when there is a
balance of updrafts and downdrafts.
• As air continues to rise, it cools and
condeses to form clouds
• The knocked out particles travel to
• lower portion of the cloud, creating a
negative charge, while rising mois-
turethat just lost an electrons
moves positive charge toward the top of
the cloud.
• When sufficiently ionized, air can
become electrically conductive
(plasma)
LIGHTNING and THUNDER
 Plasma travels downward
to create a path for the current
to flow.
 Electrons surge down to meet
down to meet the streamers,
creating lightning.
 The core of a lightning bolt is
is hotter than the surface of the sun.
 Thunder is a shockwave
caused by this explosion, which
manifest as a loud booming
sound.
 Lightning strikes can occur in succession, and can certainly hit the same place
repeartedly.
TYPES OF THUNDERSTORMS
SINGLE CELL THUNDERSTORM MULTI-CELL THUNDERSTORM
is a short-lived storm consist of a is a system of individual cells. each cell

single updraft-downdraft couplet. usually last for 30 munites to an hour, while
It is capable of producing heavy the entire system can
rainfall and lightning. last for hours. Multi-cells may
produce hail, flood and brief
tornadoes.
SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORM SQUALL LINE
is a highly organized thunderstorm is a group of storm arranged in a

with a large rotating updraft that can straight line. It is shorter-lived than
be 20 kmin diameter abd 15 km in multi-cells and supercells, and are
height. It can last for several hours less likely to produce tornadoes.
and produces violent tornadoes Squall lines are typically 15 to 20 km
long, but can reach up to hundreds of
kilometers.
Signs of Approaching Thunderstorm
• An approaching thunderstorm has apparent warning signs,

such as gentle warm air suddenly replaced by strong, chilly bursts of
wind, lightning strikes accompanied by deafening thunder, and abrupt,
intense rain. Apart from these observable indicators,
there are forecast and weather bulletins to let you know of any
impending thunderstorm.
Precautionary Measures Before
and During a Thunderstorm
1. Stay indoors and make sure windows, doors, or other opening are locked.
2. Seek shelter.
3. Unplug electrical appliances and avoid using corded phones or any gadget
physically connected to the wires outside.
4. Avoid any contact with water.
5. If on water, get to the land immediately.
6. If in an open field, keep distance from trees/high points because they have a
higher possibility of being struck by lightning.
THANK YOU
Lesson 3 : FLOODING
FLOODING
• is when areas usually not covered by water are engulfed and submerged.
It is usually caused by a temporary rise or overflowing of stream, rivers,
or confined bodies of water. It may also be caused by heavy and
prolonged rainfall, tsunamis and storm surges. Failure of manmade
structures such as dams and clogging of drainage systems are also
common causes of flooding. It typically develop in a span of hours to few
days.
Flash Flood
• A rapid inundation (less than six hours) of low lying areas : rivers, dry
lakes, and depressions.
• Can be cause by heavy rain associated with severe thunderstorm,
hurricane, tropical cyclone, or melt water from ice or snow flowing over
ice sheets or snowfields.
Aerial
Aerial view of the areas around the Manggahan Floodway in the aftermath of Typhoon Ondoy.
Typhoon Ondoy ( Ketsana)
• Brought the record- breaking rainfall to the Northern Philippines, with the
highest recorded amount having been 455 mm if rain in 24 hours in Metro
Manila. This is equivalent to a months worth rainfall in the area. Rainfall-
induced flood affected over 400,000 people in Manila and other
surrounding areas, submerging entire streets and stranding pedestrians and
vehicles. Marikina City, in particular,experienced flood waters from the
waist level to about two storeys high , which can be attributed to the 10.99
m rise in the water level of Marikina river.
Typhoon Ulysses (vamco) , November 2020
Surface run - off
• The over flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess
rainwater, storm water, melt water, or other resources can no longer
sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil.
• More dominant in impermeable materials such as clay, or in cases where
the soil is too saturated to allow infiltration.
• High in urban areas since much of the ground is covered by concrete and
such places are often situated in flat, low- lying topographies.
Vegetation lessens run- off
• It absorbs water and improves the ability of the ground to take more
moisture.
Flood Hazard Mapping
• Flood hazard maps
• -used to anticipate the degree of flooding in an area and the extent of
damage that the event can cause.
• - this are the source PAG-ASA and Nation Operational Assessment of
Hazards (NOAH).
PAG-ASA make use of aerial photographs and satellite images to produce a preminary flood hazard map.
This method involves the analysis of the geology and morphology characteristics (geomorphology) of the
area. Verification of this map is done through geomorphological field mapping and interviews. All data is
then integrated using Geographic Information System ( GIS) software.
Geographic Information System Software

- allows integrate and analyze geographic or spatial data and organize them into visualizations such
as maps.
- example is Geogle Earth.
. Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)
- a program for disaster research development which makes use of advance technologies and
provides information services for improved disaster risk reduction and mitigation. Some of NOAH’s
projects includes: weather monitoring equipment such as rain gauges and water level sensors; hign
resolution landslide, floods, and storm surge maps : hazards information dissemination through media and
communication platforms; and providing open access to real- time data and information which is specially
helpful for communities affected by these hazards
Lesson 4:
STORM
SURGES
STORM SURGES
an abnormal rise in seawater level during a storm. Similar to
tsunami formation, the water undergoes wave shoaling. The
natural flow of water from sea to shore is delayed by the friction
between the water and the seabed, causing it to pile up. However,
unlike the earthquake-induced tsunami, storm surges are driven
by the force of storm winds.
Factors that Affect Occurrence and Severity of a Storm Surge
The severity of a storm surge is dependent on factors such as strength and speed of the
storm, shape and characteristics of the coast, angle of approach of the storm to the coast,
and width and slope of the continental shelf. Naturally, stronger storms cause more
destructive storm surges. Fast moving storms generate more storm surges on straight
coastlines while slow moving ones have a greater effect on bays and estuaries.
Bays and coasts that bow inward are more likely to experience larger storm surges than
coasts that bow outward. Bays or other similar coastline geometries concentrate the
accumulated water in a smaller area.
A gently sloping continental shelf is more prone to storm surges and coastal inundation
than areas where the seafloor is deep. A shallower seafloor allows the water to travel
inland with less difficulty.
A typhoon directly approaching the coastline is more likely to create a large

storm surge than one moving obliquely.
A well-known example of a series of storm surges occurred with the Super Typhoon
Yolanda(Haiyan) in 2013. It is the deadliest typhoon to hit the Philippines in recent history,
leaving6300 dead, 1061 missing, and 28,689 injured. The storm surge that was brought about
bythe typhoon had gone as far as 2 kilometers inland and reached heights of 4-5 meters.
Storm Surge Preparedness

Storm surges can be predicted. The Storm Surge Hazard Mapping Team of
Project NOAH ran simulations to predict storm surge heights and inundated
areas during Yolanda. Initial simulations estimated 98 km and 93 km in
Leyte and Samar, respectively, to have been flooded by storm surges.
PAGASA makes use of a color-coded storm surge warning system which is
based on wave heights, with an increasing danger level from green to red
THANK YOU

Lesson 1,2,3,4

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LESSON 1

A typhoon is a giant, rotating storm

• A weather condition characterized by

• It can last for 30 munites to several

SINGLE CELL THUNDERSTORM MULTI-CELL THUNDERSTORM

is a short-lived storm consist of a is a system of individual cells. each cell

is a highly organized thunderstorm is a group of storm arranged in a

• An approaching thunderstorm has apparent warning signs,

Geographic Information System Software

A typhoon directly approaching the coastline is more likely to create a large

Storm Surge Preparedness

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