Terminology

ពុទ្ធិកសាកលវិទ្យាល័យព្រះសីហមុនីរាជា
Preah Sihamoniraja Buddhist University
MA in TESOL Program
COURSE:
ADVANED ACADEMIC ENGLISH
JULY 8TH, 2023

CHOK SOPHAT (PhD in EAL) 096 999 19 60/078 719 716
Group discussion questions
1 Which is correct: Mary runs faster than I or Mary runs faster than me?
2. We can say a woman and her, but what about "a her? Why is it
ungrammatical?
3. How can we explain why it's odd when learners say: I am boring
today?
4. If I shot the sheriff is okay, what's wrong with "I smiled the sheriff?
5 How do we explain the problems in "Lady go supermarket meet
friend? The lady goes to the supermarket to meet a/her friend.
The lady is going to the supermarket to meet her friend.
Terminologies
 Noun, noun phrase,  Subject,
 Pronoun,  Object,
 Adjective, adjective phrase  Agent,
 Adverb, adverb phrase  Theme,
 Verb, Verb phrase  Source,
 Conjunction  Experiencer
 Preposition, prepositional phrase  Ungrammatical
 Interjection  Morphology
 Gerund, gerund phrase  Syntax
 Infinitive, infinitive phrase
Terminologies
 Prescriptive  Modifier
 Descriptive  Core element
 Homophone  Peripheral element
 Pragmatics  Clause
 Semantics  Core vs peripheral
 Lexical  Linguistic distance
 Phonology  Conceptual distance
 Determiner  Anaphoric reference
 Cataphoric reference
Terminologies
 Durative
 Stranded
 Punctual
 Retrospective view
 Functional description
 Structural description
 hypothetical conditional
 Dynamic
 Root modality
 Stative
 Truncated form
 Hypothetical conditional
Grammatical discussion
[3] a. In the book, there was an old man and a woman.
b. * At the start of the it, the old he was helping the her.
c. At the start of it, he was helping her.
[4] *She is in stay.
[5] a. Mary can run faster than I.
b. Mary can run faster than me.
[6] Mary can run faster than ten miles per hour.
[7] a. The woman wanted the books. b. She took them.
[8] Someone stole my bag.
[9] a. The girl threw the ball.

b. It hit the runner.
I am more interesting in English grammar
[10] a. The lesson was interesting.
b. The teacher was amusing.
c. The students were interested and amused.
d. I didn't like the lesson. I was boring.
e. I am more interesting in English grammar.
[11]. a. (i) She kicked the dog (ii) She kicked at the dog.
b. (i) I shot the sheriff. (ii) I shot at the sheriff.
c. (i) "We looked the report. (ii) We looked at the report.
d. (i) "He smiled the boy. (ii) He smiled at the boy.
[12] a. (i) Mark flew the plane. (ii) Mark flew in the plane.
b (i) Mika rode a horse. (ii) Mika rode on a horse.
[13] There's a woman in a supermarket.
She meets a friend with a small child.
They stop and chat.
Then the child takes a bottle from the shelf and puts it in the first woman's bag
[14] a. They stop and Ø chat. b. the child takes a bottle... and Ø puts it...
[15] Lady go supermarket meet friend and talk boy in cart taking bottle.
 Agent: The one who performs the action of the VERB, typically express the SUBJECT, as
in 'Mary kicked the ball'.
 Experiencer : The entity that undergoes an emotion, a state of being, or a perception
expressed by the verb.
 Theme :The entity that directly receives the action of the verb.
 Source : The direction from which the action originates.
 Phonology: study of the speech sound (i.e., phoneme) system of a language, including the
rules for combining and using phonemes.
 Morphology: study of the rules that govern how morphemes, the minimal meaningful units
of language, are used in a language.
 Syntax: the rules that pertain to the ways in which words can be combined to form
sentences in a language.
 Semantics: the meaning of words and combinations of words in a language.
 Pragmatics: the rules associated with the use of language in conversation and broader
social situations.
 Lexical : is of or relating to words or the vocabulary of a language
 Prescriptive: an approach to grammar that is based on values concerning how
the language should be used.
 Descriptive: an approach to grammar that is based on observed use of forms,
and their frequency, in the language, in contrast to prescriptive.
 Homophone: one of two or more words pronounced alike but different in
meaning or derivation or spelling (such as the words to, too, and two)
 Durative: A type of LEXICAL ASPECT that includes activities ('run',
'write")and processes “grow', 'harden' that take place over time in contrast to
punctual.
 Peripheral element: a non-central part of an event, such as where, when, or
how something happened, often presented in a preposition phrase, in 'we ate
dinner at five o'clock in the small cafe.
 Modifier: a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively,
that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun (e.g. good and family in a good
family house ).
 Linguistic distance is how different one language or dialect is from another.
 Conceptual distance (i.e., measurement of the distance between two sets of
concepts) had its roots in linguistics as the semantic distance problem. In the
linguistics context, conceptual distance provides a metric of the difficulty in
understanding a topic across different disciplines or subject areas.
 Structural description: we are basically concerned with listing all the forms in
a language and being able to say whether a particular form is correct or
incorrect.
 Functional description: we are more concerned with what meaning distinction
is conveyed by the use of one form rather than another.
 Anaphoric reference means that a word in a text refers back to other ideas in
the text for its meaning. It can be compared with cataphoric reference, which
means a word refers to ideas later in the text.
Example: ‘I went out with Jo on Sunday. She looked awful. She clearly refers to
jo, there is no need to repeat her name.
 Cataphoric: introducing someone or something, by a definite noun phrase (eg.
'The thing) or pronoun (e.g. 'She'), that is more fully identified later, as in 'she
arrived in the thing. Maryann had decided to drive her old truck to the
wedding.
 Core element: one of the main parts of an event (agent, action, theme)
expressed by subject, verb, and object, in contrast to peripheral as element.
 Anaphoric: referring to someone or something already mentioned, by a
definite noun phrase (e.G. The man) or a PRONOUN (e.G. It), as in 'I saw a
woman and a man with a small dog. The man was carrying it carefully.
• Truncated form: a short form of a structure, as in conditional clause reduce to “If
so” “If you do” or “if not”
• Retrospective view : Looking back form a point in time, typically expressed by
perfect aspect, as in “I have been here for an hour”
• Resumptive pronoun: an extra pronoun sometimes found in an object relative, as
in “Did you enjoy the film which you saw it”
• Dynamic: a type of lexical aspect that signals action or change, in contrast to
stative.
• Root modality: the use of modal verbs (eg. May, must) to express what is socially
determined, as in obligations and permissions, for example, “You must keep quiet”
• Stative : a type of lexical aspect signaling that a situation is relatively constant over
time, as in “I know how to drive” in contrast to dynamic.
• Hypothetical conditional: a type of sentence with one clause, typically introduced
by IF, expressing a remote possibility (past tense)that is required before another
event ( in the main clause) can occur, as in “If I was a rich person, I would help
• Factual conditional: a type of sentence in which one clause, typically introduced
by IF, combines with a main clause in the same tense to express relationship
between two situations as normally being true as in “if you heat ice, it melts”
• Counter factual conditional : a type of sentence, typically with an IF-clause,
express something that is not true, or contrary to fact, as in “If we have had lived
in the 18th century, …………….”
• Epistemic modality: the use of modal verbs (e.g. may, must) to express what is
known, as in deductions or conclusions, such as, “She must be ill” in contrast to
root modality.
• Parenthetical conditional: a concessive conditional clause marked off by
commas, dashes, or brackets, as in “Her new boyfriend, even if, he is rich, is not
good for her.”

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ពុទ្ធិកសាកលវិទ្យាល័យព្រះសីហមុនីរាជា

Preah Sihamoniraja Buddhist University

JULY 8TH, 2023

[9] a. The girl threw the ball.

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