Unit-II INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this presentation the learners will be able to:

Define Developmental Psychology.
Identify various stages of development.
Describe theories of development (Freud,
Erickson, Piaget)
Describe interaction between heredity and environment.

PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is The scientific study of mind and its
function.
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Is the scientific study of how and why human beings
change over the course of their life. Originally
concerned with infants and children, the field has
expended to include adolescence, adult
development, aging and the entire lifespan.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 Newborn (Birth to 1 month)
 Infancy (1 month to 1 years)
 Toddler(1-3 Years)
 Pre school Child (3-5 Years)
 School Child(5-12 Years)
 Adolescence(12-20Years)
 Adulthood(20-60Years)
 Old age(period from 60 years to death)

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
 Sigmund Freud(Stages of Psychosexual

Development )
 Eric Erickson(Stages of Psychosocial

Development)
 Jean Piaget (stages of cognitive development)

SIGMUND FREUD’S
Born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Father was a wool
merchant. Mother was twenty years younger than his
father and was his second wife. When he was four or five,
the family moved to Vienna. Extremely smart child, and
always at the top of his class. Attended medical school at
the University of Vienna, graduated in 1881 in
neuropsychological degree at the age of 26. later he
become lecturer at the university. Spent his time studying
and researching neurophysiology and psychiatry. Freud
spent much of his life working on psychoanalysis. on the
basis of his work he viewed as the father of psychology. He
died in 1939 ( cancer of the jaw) .
Sigmund Freud’s Contribution
1-Psychoanalytic Theory
 Structural Theory(Id , Ego , Superego)
 Libido (Drive) Theory
 Topographical Theory of mind (Conscious, preconscious ,
unconscious)
 Theory of Narcissism
2-Free association(Hypnosis)(Catharsis)
3-Dream analysis
 Manifest content- actual events in dream.
 Latent content – hidden message in dream.
4-Freudian Slips
5-Defense Mechanism
Erik ERIKSON
Erik Homburger Erikson was a German born(15 June
1902)American developmental psychologist and
psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial
development of human beings. He completed his
Education from University of Vienna and was died
in12 may 1994 (Harwich) Erikson was an Award
winner writer. His famous books are “Childhood and
Society” “The Life Cycle Completed” “Identity Youth
and Crises” Gandhi’s Truth” etc.
JEAN PIGET’S
• Jean Piaget (9 August 1896-16 September

1980)was a Swiss clinical psychologist known
for his work in child development , Piaget’s
theory of cognitive development ,theory of
constructivism ,Object permanence and
egocentrism.
Interaction Between Heredity and
Environment.
• All traits depends both on Genetic and

Environmental factors.Heridity and environment
interact to produce their effects. this means that the
way genes act depends on the environment in which
they act. in the same way the effects of environment
depends on the gens with witch they work e.g
PKU
• Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an excellent example of
environmental modification of a genetically controlled
effect.PKU is a form of mental retardation that result
from toxic effects of abnormal breakdown of the
essential amino acid phenylalanine ,which is found in
all protien.the enzyme that breakdown phenylalanine is
defective, so it accumulates and breaks down
abnormally. So in PKU, a single gene can dramatically
affect behavior. it is clearly a genetically influenced
process.
• But the effect of that defective gene expression
depends on the environment in which it occurs.
when this abnormal metabolism of phenylalanine
was discovered an effective treatment became
available, diet low in phenylalanine. The
abnormal gene is still there but because little
phenylalanine is present in the diet, little toxic
effects results. this defective gene is no longer
expressed in mental retardation, because the
environment was different. phenylalanine was
greatly reduced in the food the child with
defective gene ate.

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INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENTAL

By the end of this presentation the learners will be able to:

Describe interaction between heredity and environment.

 Newborn (Birth to 1 month)

 Infancy (1 month to 1 years)

 Pre school Child (3-5 Years)

 School Child(5-12 Years)

 Old age(period from 60 years to death)

 Sigmund Freud(Stages of Psychosexual

 Eric Erickson(Stages of Psychosocial

 Jean Piaget (stages of cognitive development)

• Jean Piaget (9 August 1896-16 September

• All traits depends both on Genetic and

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