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Chemistry Lecture 6

The document discusses electron configurations and orbital diagrams. It provides examples of writing configurations for various elements like sulfur, silicon, aluminum and copper. It also discusses exceptions to normal configurations and anomalous configurations. Hund's rule and ion configurations are explained.

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24 views35 pages

Chemistry Lecture 6

The document discusses electron configurations and orbital diagrams. It provides examples of writing configurations for various elements like sulfur, silicon, aluminum and copper. It also discusses exceptions to normal configurations and anomalous configurations. Hund's rule and ion configurations are explained.

Uploaded by

kingsleyobiriyeboahnii03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General Chemistry

Lecture 6
Electron Configuration
Lecturer: Dr. Ben Asante
Electron Configuration and Aufbau Principle
• The energies of all the orbitals in a subshell are the same for a hydrogen atom
( with 1 e- moving around).
• The electron density distribution are different for p and s orbitals but they
have the same energy.
• The energies of the orbitals increase with n.

1s 2s  2 p 3s  3 p  3d 4s  4 p  4d  4 f 5s...


• The energies of atoms containing several electrons are shifted by electron
repulsion and electrostatic shielding by the lower energy electrons
• The orbital energies depend on n and l
Electron configuration
• Example: the energy of an atom is lower when the 4s orbital is filled
before the 3d
• The order of the energy levels in many electron atoms becomes:

1s  2 s  2 p 3s 3 p  4 s 3d  4 p 5s  4d 5 p 6 s  4d 5d ...

• The similarity in chemical and physical properties associated with the


elements in a group arise from the similarities in the arrangement of
the electrons around the nucleus of those atoms
• This arrangement is called the electron configuration
Electron configuration
Example:
• The ground state electron configuration of H is 1s1

The number of electrons per subshell


1s
1

Principal electron shell


Type of orbital occupied
The value of n
Electron configuration
• The electron configurations of many-electron atoms are constructed by adding an
electron to the next (lowest energy ) empty orbital.
• This is called the Aufbau or building up principle.
• The electron configuration of the noble gas elements can be used when writing
electron configuration.
• Example;
Neon has the following electron configuration:
1s22s22p6
• All the elements beyond neon have this configuration for the first 10 electrons.
• This neon configuration can be used to represent the first 10 electrons of the element.
• This is called neon core. The symbol is [Ne]
Electron configuration
• All the electron configurations of the noble gases can be used as the
cores of the configurations of the other elements.
Example
a. Write the ground state electron configuration of sulfur
b. How many s and p electrons does sulfur has?
c. How many valence electrons does sulfur has?
d. How many core electrons does sulfur has?
Solution

a. Sulfur has 16 electrons


2 2 6 2 4
1s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p
Noble gas configuration
2 4
[Ne]3 s 3 p
Solution
b. Sulfur has 6 s electrons and 10 p electrons
c. Sulfur has 6 valence electrons and 10 core electrons
Example
a. Write the ground state electron configuration of silicon?
b. How many p electrons and s electrons does silicon have?
c. How many valence and core electrons does silicon have?
solution

a. Silicon has 14 electrons


1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
[Ne]3s23p2
b. Silicon has 6 s electrons and 8 p electrons
c. The valence electrons are 4, and the core electrons are 10.
Hund’s Rule
It addresses the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom.
Hund's rule indicates that for any group of orbitals, or subshells, in an
energy level, each orbital must contain one electron, each spinning in
the same direction, before electrons can be paired in the orbitals.
Summary
• Every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is
doubly occupied.
• All of the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin (to
maximize total spin).
sulfur
Orbital Diagrams of Sulfur
Orbital Diagram of sulfur
• Sulfur has 2 unpaired electrons
• Sulfur has 14 paired electrons
• It is paramagnetic
• The ability of the element to attract magnet
Silicon
Orbital diagram of Silicon
Orbital Diagram of Silicon
• Silicon has 2 unpaired electrons
• Silicon has 12 paired electrons
• Silicon is paramagnetic
Energy levels of Silicon
Aluminum
• Write the ground state electron configuration of Aluminum
Aluminum Ground State electron
Configuration
Aluminum has 13 electrons
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Orbital diagram of Aluminum
Orbital energy Levels of Aluminum
Ground state electron configuration of
Aluminum
• Exception to the normal configuration
• Actual
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 4s1
Electron configuration of Copper
• Copper has 29 electrons
• The expected electron configuration for Copper will be 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d9

• When writing the electron configuration for an atom like Cu which is a


transition metal, the 3d is usually written before the 4s.
• The configuration is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2

• The above configuration is still incorrect


Orbital diagram of copper
Electron configuration of copper
• Correct Electron Configuration for Copper (Cu)
• Half-filled or completely filled d orbitals are more stable than those
with one electron less
• Therefore, one of the 4s2 electrons jumps to the 3d9.
• This gives the (correct) configuration of:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

• Noble gas electron configuration


[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Correct orbital diagram of copper
Electron configuration of Cu+
• For the Cu+ ion we remove one electron from 4s1 leaving us with: 1s2
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

Noble gas electron configuration


[Ar] 3d10 4s0
or
[Ar] 3d10
Electron configuration of Cu2+
• For the Cu2+ ion we remove a total of two electrons
• One electron is removed from the 4s1
• Another one is removed from the 3d10
Therefore the ground state electron configuration of Cu2+ is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

Noble gas configuration


[Ar] 3d9
Anomalous electronic configurations
Grouped by periods and shown in correct order of orbital
filling
Chromium [Ar] 3d5 4s1

Copper [Ar] 3d10 4s1

Niobium [Kr] 4d4 5s1

Molybdenum [Kr] 4d5 5s1

Ruthenium [Kr] 4d7 5s1

Rhodium [Kr] 4d8 5s1

Palladium [Kr] 4d10 5s0

Silver [Kr] 4d10 5s1

Lanthanum [Xe] 5d1 6s2

Cerium [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2

Gadolinium [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2

Platinum [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1

Gold [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

Actinium [Rn] 6d1 7s2

Thorium [Rn] 6d2 7s2

Protactinium [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2

Uranium [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2

Neptunium [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2

Curium [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2


Electron configuration
• According to Eric Scerri , a lecturer and author in the department of
chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, Los
Angeles, US, the 4s orbital fills last and so quite reasonably also
ionizes first.
Practice
• Write the electron configuration for a potassium atom
Solution
K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

Argon core
[Ar]4s1
Practice
• Write the electron configuration for arsenic
• Draw its orbital diagram
• Are As atoms diamagnetic or paramagnetic?

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