1

Q4W1
Methodology

MELC 5: gathers and analyzes data with intellectual honesty

using suitable techniques
Prayer
2
4
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1. Raise your hand.

2. Wait your turn.
3. Follow directions.
4. Listen and learn.
5. Always be kind and respectful.
6. Try your best.
7. Stay on task.
 6

REVIEW
 GATHERING DATA 7

INTERVIEW SURVEY
• a one-on-one verbal conversation • written and sent out to many
• A semi-structured interview is a different people
qualitative research method that • used to gather data that is
combines a pre-determined set of quantitative in nature
open questions (questions that
prompt discussion) with the
opportunity for the interviewer to
explore particular themes or
responses further.
 VALIDATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE 8

• Look for validators.

• Send a letter to the validator with the attached list of
SOP (general aim and specific aims).
• For validating semi-structured interview
questionnaire:
Statement of the Probable Questions Supporting Evidence
Problem
1. 1. 1.

2. 2.
VALIDATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE 9
 VALIDATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE 10

• For validating researcher-made survey questionnare:

Statement of the Probable Statements Supporting Evidence

Problem
1. 1. 1.

2. 2.
REVIEW. 11

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

What is Chapter 4OF
INTERPRETATION about?
DATA
REVIEW. 12
 13

DATA
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TYPES OF DATA

DAT
A
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Statisticians or researchers collect data for random

variables. Random variables are variables whose
values are determined by chance.
 16

Variables could be classified as qualitative or

quantitative.
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QUALITATIVE DATA

● Qualitative data can be categorized according to some characteristics or attribute.

● These data can be represented by a name, color, or symbol.

Example:
There are two green squares.
Green is a qualitative data.
 18
QUANTITATIVE DATA

● Quantitative data are numerical.

● They can be ordered or ranked.

Example:
There are two green squares.
Two (2) is a quantitative data.
 19
QUANTITATIVE DATA

● Quantitative data can be classified further into two groups - discrete and
continuous.
 20
DISCRETE VARIABLES

● These variables are countable and represented as whole numbers.

Examples:
● The number of grade 9 students.
● The number of study guides students have to study in one day.

The answers in these examples can be assigned values such as 0, 1, 2, 3 and so on.
 21
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

● These variables can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific
values.
● If discrete variables are countable, continuous data can be obtained by measuring.
● These data usually include fractions and decimals.

Example:
● The average height of grade 9 students.
 22
TYPES OF DATA

Data

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

categorical data numerical data

Discrete Continuous
obtained by counting obtained by measuring
ASSESSMENT 1.1 23

The following are some of the units of your answers in the Student Information
Form. Identify each data as qualitative or quantitative. If the data is quantitative,
classify it as discrete or continuous. Record your answers in your notebook.

Data Qualitative or Quantitative Discrete or Continuous

Eye color

Grade level

Number of siblings

Usual sleeping time

Happiness index
 24

Aside from classifying the variables as quantitative or

qualitative, they can also be classified on how they are
counted or measured.
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They could be classified as if they fall into same

categories, if data values could be ranked, or if they are
obtained from measurement.
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This type of classification uses measurement scales.

The four common levels of measurement being used in
statistics are: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.
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LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Ratio

Interval

Ordinal

Nominal
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NOMINAL

● This is the first and lowest level of measurement.

● The data that falls under this measurement are categorical and do not have any
ranking.

Example:
● country you are living
● the name of your pet
● types of animals
 29
ORDINAL

● This level classifies data into categories that can be ranked.

● However, there is no precise differences between the ranks.

Example:
● movie ratings
● honor distinction - First honor, second honor, third honor
● customer service experience - good, neutral, bad
 30
INTERVAL

● The data classified under interval level of measurement can also be ranked.
● There is precise difference between units of measure.
● There is no true zero.
● No true zero implies that even there is a 0, that does not mean nothing.

Example:
● temperature
0° C does not mean there is no temperature.
● IQ
An IQ of 0 does not mean no IQ
 31
RATIO

● The ratio level of measurement has all the characteristics of interval level of
measurement but there exists a true zero.
● Moreover, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different
members of population.

Example:
● salary
● number of emails received in a day
● If one person can lift 50 kg and another can lift 25 kg, then the ratio between them
is 2 to 1. In another way, the first person can lift twice as much as the second
person.
ASSESSMENT 1.2 32

Classify the following data as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.

Write your answers in your notebook.

Data Level of measurement

Eye color

Grade level

Number of siblings

Usual sleeping time

Happiness index
 33

● Data can be altered so they can fit into a different category.

● For example, we classify salary as ratio but it can be classified as low, average and
high. Then, a ratio becomes an ordinal data.
 34

PRESENTING DATA
RAW DATA 35

Analyze the following business data in different forms.

The data below are the status of the workers of the factory based
on their Trade Union (TU) membership for 2022 and 2023.
Members of TU
2022 – 3900 (M), 300(F)
2023 – 4200 (M), 840 (F)
Non-member
2022 – 300 (M), 500 (F)
2023 – 500 (M), 450 (F)
 TEXTUAL 36

Members of TU In 2022, out of a total of five thousand

2022 – 3900 (M), 300(F) workers of a factory, four thousand and two
2023 – 4200 (M), 840 (F) hundred were members of a Trade Union. The
Non-member total number of female workers was sixteen
2022 – 300 (M), 500 (F) percent of the total workers.
2023 – 500 (M), 450 (F) In 2023, the number of workers belonging
to the trade union was increased by twenty per
cent as compared to 2022 of which four
thousand and two hundred were male. The
number of workers not belonging to trade union
was nine hundred and fifty of which four
hundred and fifty were females.
 TABULAR 37

Members of TU
2022 – 3900 (M), 300(F)
2023 – 4200 (M), 840 (F)
Non-member
2022 – 300 (M), 500 (F)
2023 – 500 (M), 450 (F)
 GRAPHICAL 38

Members of TU
2022 – 3900 (M), 300(F)
2023 – 4200 (M), 840 (F)
Non-member
2022 – 300 (M), 500 (F)
2023 – 500 (M), 450 (F)
 39

Textual and Tabular

Presentation of Data
 40
Table 1
List of LAMS JHS Students
Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Table 2
Number of LAMS JHS students
Riellie Cam Angie Anne
Churchil Lena Darell Riezen Grade Number Percenta Number Number
Level of ge of of male of female
l Angelica Anzelm Axel Students each students students
Princess Des grade
Luke level to
the total
Jacob
7 5 33.33% 3 2
8 3 20% 1 2
9 4 66.67% 1 3
10 3 20% 1 2
TOTAL 15 100% 6 9
 Table 2. Number of LAMS JHS students 41
Table 1. List of LAMS JHS Students
Grade Number of Percentage Number of Number of
Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10
Level Students of each male female
Riellie Cam Angelique Anne grade level students students
Churchill Lena Darell Riezen to the total
Princess Angelica Anzelm Axel
Luke Des 7 5 33.33% 3 2
Jacob
8 3 20% 1 2

9 4 66.67% 1 3

10 3 20% 1 2

TOTAL 15 100% 6 9

The data in Table 2 are from Table 1.

How do we summarize and present

data?
 42

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Data are presented in paragraph form.
 Textual Presentation of Data 43

Example:
You have to present the ages of the fans of a P-pop group.
You have gathered the following data.
13 13 13 13 14 14
Findings:
14 15 15 15 15 15
From the data we have gathered, the ages of the fans of
15 15 16 16 16 16 the P-pop group ranges from 13 to 22 years old. Most
17 17 17 18 18 18 of them are 15 years old.

19 19 20 20 21 22

Findings are results of an investigation.

 Textual Presentation of Data 44

Example:
You have to present the ages of the fans of a P-pop group.
You have gathered the following data.
13 13 13 13 14 14
Conclusion:
14 15 15 15 15 15
From what we have found out, most of the fans of the
15 15 16 16 16 16 P-pop group nationwide are 15 years old.
17 17 17 18 18 18
19 19 20 20 21 22

Conclusion is an opinion based on findings.

It is a generalization on population based on the result of an investigation.
 Textual Presentation of Data 45

Example:
You have to present the ages of the fans of a P-pop group.
You have gathered the following data.
13 13 13 13 14 14
Inference:
14 15 15 15 15 15
The P-pop group will make more songs suitable for 15
15 15 16 16 16 16 years old.
17 17 17 18 18 18
19 19 20 20 21 22

Inference is an educated guess or a meaningful prediction based on findings and

conclusions.
 RECAP 46

Textual Presentation of Data

1. Findings are results of an investigation.

2. Conclusion is an opinion based on findings. It is a generalization on population
based on the result of an investigation.
3. Inference is an educated guess or a meaningful prediction based on findings and
conclusions.
 47

Checking for Understanding

Draw conclusions and make inferences from the given findings below.
1. From the data, it was found out that 85% of the students were sleeping less
than 6 hours.
Conclusion:
Inference:

2. 75% of the samples disagreed to Anti-terror bill.

Conclusion:
Inference:
 48

TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA

Another way to present data is to show them in tables.
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APA 7th EDITION

TABLE FORMAT
EXAMPLE 50

:
EXAMPLE 51

:
graphs 52
 53

BAR GRAPH
uses rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values of the data that
they represent
 BAR GRAPH 54

This is an example of a bar graph.

title of the graph

vertical axis title

categories/data values

frequency of the horizontal axis title

data values
 BAR GRAPH

A bar graph is most suitable to use when we want to compare data sets and show the frequency of each data
value/category.
Categorical data and discrete quantitative data can be presented in a bar graph.
A bar graph can be represented vertically or horizontally. More than one data set can be presented in a bar graph.

Vertical : Horizontal: Bar Graph with more than 1 data set

Fruits
 BAR GRAPH

Another type of bar graph is the stacked bar graph.

Let us analyze the bar graph.

By looking at the graph, we can easily see that Amilie, Javier,

Number of books

and Bill read more fiction books than non-fiction books while
Nayla did the opposite.

Amilie read 17 books in all in January. She read 5 non-fiction

books and 12 fiction books.

Students

Identify the number of fiction books and non-fiction books Javier, Nayla and Bill read.
 BAR GRAPH

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a

bar graph?

● It is easy to identify the data sets/data values/categories with the highest and lowest frequencies.

● It can only present 10 or less categories.

 BAR GRAPH

Important things to remember when constructing a bar graph:

1. The intervals between the frequencies should be equal.
2. Bars should have the same width.

Bar graphs can be misleading if not constructed properly. Open the link and read how bar graphs can mislead
people.
https://towardsdatascience.com/stopping-covid-19-with-misleading-graphs-6812a61a57c9
 59
Checking for Understanding

Analyze the bar graph below and write down your findings.
Identify what makes the bar graph misleading and how the data set can be presented properly.
 60

PIE CHART
presents data in a circular graph
 PIE CHART 61

Pie chart is divided into slides to present the proportion of the frequencies of the data values.

This is an example of a pie chart.

The exact frequency of each data value are not shown in the pie chart but the percentages are presented.

It is easy to see the relative size of each data value in proportion to the entire data set.

Pie chart can be used to present categorical and numerical data.

 PIE CHART 62

Here’s another example of a pie chart. This pie chart shows the sports played by the students.
This pie chart presented the degree of each central angle.

The total of the measures of the central angles in a circle is 360°.

120° + 80° + 100° + 60° = 360°

360° has the same values as the 100% of the data.

To find the percentage of each data value, we may divide the degree of its angle
by 360°.

Sports Basketball Swimming Tennis Football TOTAL

Relative frequency 60° 100° 80° 120°

(percentage) . 0.17% . 0.28% . 0.22% . 0.33% 100%
360° 360° 360° 360°

If the sample size is 120, how many students play basketball?

 PIE CHART

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a

pie chart?

● The relative size of each data value in proportion to the entire set of data can easily be observed.

● The exact numerical value of each data set cannot be determined directly.
 64
Checking for Understanding
Analyze the pie chart below. The pie chart shows the percentage of biggest worries of the people about the
Covid-19 virus.
Identify what makes the pie chart misleading and how the data set can be presented properly.
 65

LINE GRAPH
uses lines to present data values
 LINE GRAPH 66

This is an example of a line graph.

title of the graph

vertical axis title

categories/data values

frequency of the
data values horizontal axis title
 LINE GRAPH 67

Line graph is most suitable to use to show trends or changes in the frequencies of a data set over a period of time.

More than one data set can be presented in a line graph.

Here is an example of line graph with three data sets.

It represents the population of bears, dolphins and

whales from 2017 to 2022.
 LINE GRAPH 68

Let us analyze the given data in the line graph below.

If you look at the graph, we can see that the population
of the dolphins decreases and the population of the
bears increases. The population of the whales
decreases then increases every year.

Answer this question:

How much more bears are there than dolphins in 2022?
 69
Checking for Understanding
Analyze the line graph below. The graph shows the number of wins Arkansas Football team made from year
2000 to 2016.
Identify what makes the line graph misleading and how the data set can be presented properly.
ASSESSMENT 1.3 70

1. Which type of graph is shown below?

A. Pie chart
B. Bar graph
C. Histogram
D. Line Graph
ASSESSMENT 1.3 71

2. Which of the following is NOT true about the bar graph.

A. The percentage of each variable can be easily seen in a bar

graph.
B. The bar graph uses bars to present frequency of data values.
C. It can be used to compare frequency of data values.
D. The data value with the highest and lowest frequency can be
easily seen using bar graph.
ASSESSMENT 1.3 72

3. Which chart/graph can track and compare measurements,

such as temperature, and show trends and comparisons?

A. Pie chart
B. Bar graph
C. Histogram
D. Line Graph
ASSESSMENT 1.3 73

4. What does a pie chart allow you to see?

A.information about the proportion of parts relative to the whole.

B.how much data occurs within a range of numbers
C.the total number of each category
D.the spread of the data
ASSESSMENT 1.3 74

5. Choose the graph that best fits with this statement: "The TV
license has been frozen for the next 3 years".
ANSWERS: 75

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. A
 76

ANALYZING DATA
 77

ANALYZING
QUANTITATIVE DATA
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE 78

RESEARCH
Data analysis in quantitative research is consists of several
phases:

Phase I: Data Validation

Data validation is done to understand if the collected
sample is per the pre-set standards, or it is a biased data sample
again divided into four different stages
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE 79

RESEARCH
Phase I: Data Validation
Fraud: To ensure an actual human being records each response
to the survey or the questionnaire
Screening: To make sure each respondent is selected or chosen
in compliance with the research criteria.
Procedure: To ensure ethical standards were maintained while
collecting the data sample.
Completeness: To ensure that the respondent has answered all
the questions in an online survey. Else, the interviewer had asked
all the questions devised in the questionnaire.
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE 80

RESEARCH
Phase II: Data Editing
More often, an extensive research data sample comes
loaded with errors. Respondents sometimes fill in some fields
incorrectly or sometimes skip them accidentally. Data editing is
a process wherein the researchers have to confirm that the
provided data is free of such errors. They need to conduct
necessary checks and outlier checks to edit the raw edit and
make it ready for analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE 81

RESEARCH
Phase III: Data Coding
Out of all three phases, this is the most critical phase of
data preparation associated with grouping and assigning values
to the survey responses.
QUANTITATIVE DATA 82
QUANTITATIVE DATA 83
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 84

Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that focuses on

conclusions, generalizations, predictions, interpretations,
hypotheses, and the like. There are a lot of hypotheses testing in
this method of statistics that require you to perform complex and
advanced mathematical operations (Argyrous 2011; Russell
2013; Levin & Fox 2014).
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 85

Here are two significant areas of inferential statistics:

1. Estimating parameters: it takes statistics from the sample

research data and demonstrates something about the population
parameter.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 86

2. Hypothesis test: It is about sampling research data to answer

the survey research questions. For example, Researchers might
be interested to understand if the teaching strategy is effective or
not or if the multivitamin capsules help children to perform
better at school.
These data analysis methods are used to showcase the
relationship between different variables instead of describing a
single variable. It is often used when researchers want something
beyond absolute numbers to understand the relationship between
variables.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 87
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 88
WATCH 89

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g5roKHj95o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwierlPpB-I