BIology Seminar

vel
M.M.Giridhara
THS
XI-ISCBIOMA
Archaebacteria
1 Introduction
2 Types of
Archaebacteria
CONTENTS 3 Ty p e s o f re p ro d u c t i o n i n
bacteria
4 D i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u re o f
mycoplasam
5 Economical importance
w i t h ro l e o f b a c t e r i a
1
Introduction
 Archaebacteria
1 Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living
organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera
and are classified as bacteria because they resemble
bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from
this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes.
However, they share slightly common characteristics with
the eukaryotes.These can easily survive under very harsh
conditions such as the bottom of the sea and the volcanic
vents and are thus known as extremophiles.
2
Types of Archaebacteria
 Methanogens  Halophiles
 Thermoacidophiles
2 Methanogens
They are nutritionally “autotroph” which obtain both energy and carbon dioxide from decomposition
products.Methanogens are mostly found at the marshy areas where they convert the formic acid and carbon-
dioxide into methane with the help if hydrogen.They are present in the guts of ruminant animals like cows
and buffaloes,etc.
This is commercially exploited in the production of methane and fuel gas

inside go-bar gas plants e.g.,Methanobacterium, Methanococcus
Some of the Methanogens archaebacteria live as symbiotic inside lumen or first chamber in the stomach of
herbivorous animal that chew their cud these archaebacteria are helpful to the ruminants in fermentation of
cellulose
some
2 Halophiles
Halophiles are named so because they usually occur in salt rich substra like salt pans , salt bed and salt
marshes e.g, Halobaterium , Halococcus. They are aerobic chemo-heterotrops
Their cell membranes have red carotenoid pigment for protection against harmful solar radiation .Under
anaerobic conditions,halophiles cannot use external materials. At this time they subsist on ATP synthesized
by membrane pigment system from solar radiation
Salt bed in Thoothukudi Salt marshes Halophiles near the shore

Halophiles are able to live under high salt condition due to four reasons:-
 Presence of special lipids in cell membrane

 Occurrence of mucilage covering
 Absence of sap vacuole sand hence plasmolysis
 High internal salt content
Halophiles growing in the salt pans ,salt bed and in the salt marshes give offensive smell and undesirable
pigmentation to the salt
z
2 Thermoacidophiles
These archeabcteria have dual ability to tolerate high temperature as well as high acidity. They often live in the
hot sulphur springs where the temperature may be as high as 80 0 and pH as low as
2,e.g,Thermoplasam ,thermoproteus.
Basically the archea bacteria are ahemosynthetic ,i.e.,they obtain energy for synthesis of food from oxidizing
sulphur .under aerobic condition they usually oxidizes sulphur to sulfuric acid
2S + 2H2O + 3O2 -> 2H2SO4

If the condition are anaerobic ,the thermoacidophilies may reduce the sulphur to H 2S. Bicarbonates are also
precipitated into the carbonate form by their activity.
Thermacheacidophilies are able to tolerate high temperature due to two reasons:-

 Branched chain lipids in the cell membranes
 Presences of special resistant enzyme capable of operation under acidic condition
Archaebacteria are also known as living fossils because they represent one of the earliest forms of life which
experimented on the absorption of solar radiation for the first time , lived comfortably under anaerobic condition
and developed techniques to oxidase the chemicals present in the substratum on the availability of oxygen
Types of reproduction in
3
bacteria
 Vegetative reproduction  Asexual reproduction

 sexual reproduction
3 Vegetative reproduction
a) Binary fission:- It is the most
common method of reproduction in bacteria under
favourable conditions in which a bacterial cell divide into
daughter cells.During this process,the bacterial
chromosomes replicates.The parental and replicated
chromosomes separate and a cell wall develops between
them .It divides the cell into two daughter cells.Eventual the
daughters cells separate and grow independently.
b) Fragmentation:- During
unfavourable condition, protoplasm of the bacterial cell
divides into many fragments .
c) Budding :-
In this method, a small protuberance (called bud) develops at one end of the bacterial cell .The DNA
replicates and the replicated DNA migrates into the bud .The bud enlarges and separates from the parent
cell.
Budding Fragmentation
3 Asexual reproduction
It takes place by formation of endospores.Endospores are formed during adverse conditions. During this
process,the protoplasm of the bacterial cell become concentrated around the chromosome and a hard resistant cyst
is secreted around it. This structure is called an endospore.It’s highly resistant to heat and chemicals .On the return
of the favourable conditions, wall of the endospores ruptures and the protoplasmic mass gives rise to a new
bacterium.
3 Sexual reproduction
In bacteria, sexual reproduction take place i the form of genetic recombination.It takes place mainly three methods:-
1. Transformation
2. conjugation
3. transduction
1) Transformation:-
It was discovered by Frederick Griffith (1928) in the bacterium streptococcus
pneumonia. The method of genetic recombination in which one bacterial cell
directly absorbs naked DNA of another bacterial cell is called transformation
2) Conjugation:-
Conjugation was discovered by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum (1946)in Escherichia coli. The method of
genetic recombination in which bacteria exchange genetic material forming cytoplasmic bridge between them
3) Transduction:-
The method of genetic recombination in which genetic material is transferred by bacteriophage virus between two
bacteria is called transduction
4
Distinctive feature of myoplasam
 Mycoplasam
 Important features
4 Mycoplasam
Believed to be the tiniest living things on earth without even a cell wall, mycoplasmas are believed to be
microscopic. Even without oxygen, these creatures are able to exist. The pathogenicity of several of these
mycoplasmas for plants and animals is well known.
In the genus Mycoplasma, the cell wall that protects the cell membranes is absent. They are the most basic bacteria
that can reproduce themselves. Cocci are Mycoplasma's most fundamental form. As mollicutes, they go by another
name.
A few essential organelles are found in the cell, such as the plasma membrane, the naked double-stranded circular
DNA molecule that makes up the genome, and 70S type ribosomes.
Mycoplasmas reproduce by binary fission, however commonly occurring cytoplasmic division may take longer than
genome replication, which causes the development of multinucleate filaments.
Since they don't have cell walls, they are inherently immune to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall production.
Other membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus, are absent. They may alter their form because these creatures
are pleomorphic.
Informational supplement:
Mycoplasmas have cell membranes with three layers. In the bulk of their general traits, they exhibit similarities to
prokaryotes.
Mycoplasmas are commensals or parasites of people, animals, and plants. They have been discovered in the pleural
cavities of calves that had pleuropneumonia.
These organisms are also known as MLOs (mycoplasma-like organisms) or PPLOs (pleuropneumonia-like
organisms).
Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wall, hence they are immune to beta-lactam medicines like penicillin.
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Presentation are communication tools that can be used as demonstrations, lectures, reports, and more. it is mostly
presented before an audience. Presentation are communication tools that can be used as demonstrators, lectures, reports,
and more.
Presentations are communication tools that can be used as demonstrations,

lectures, speeches, reports, and more. Most of the time, they're presented
before an audience
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vel

This is commercially exploited in the production of methane and fuel gas

Salt bed in Thoothukudi Salt marshes Halophiles near the shore

 Presence of special lipids in cell membrane

2S + 2H2O + 3O2 -> 2H2SO4

Thermacheacidophilies are able to tolerate high temperature due to two reasons:-

 Vegetative reproduction  Asexual reproduction

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Presentations are communication tools that can be used as demonstrations,

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