DATA ANALYSIS:

QUALITATIVE
EDUC 101: METHODS OF RESEARCH (1:00 – 3:00 P.M.)
BENJIE D. TRONO
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving…
 Interviews
 Focus Groups
 Observations
 Document or artifact analysis
 Journal notes or reflections?
WHAT TO DO WITH ALL THIS
DATA?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run
for quantitative data, there are just as many
options for qualitative data analysis…
QUALITATIVE DATA
Data are not easily reduced to numbers
Data that are related to concepts, opinions, values and
behaviors of people in social context
Transcripts of individual interviews and focus groups, field
notes from observation of certain activities , copies of
documents, audio/video recordings…

www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualdata.php
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
(QDA)
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of processes and
procedures whereby we move from the qualitative data that have
been collected into some form of explanation, understanding or
interpretation of the people and situations we are investigating.
QDA is usually based on an interpretative philosophy. The idea
is to examine the meaningful and symbolic content of
qualitative data.

http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_is_qda.php
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
(QDA)
It is an ongoing process involving continual reflection about the
data, asking analytic questions, and writing memos throughout the
study. It is not sharply divided from the other activities in the
process, such as collecting data or formulating research questions.
It involves using open-ended data, for the most part. This requires
asking general questions and developing an analysis from the
information supplied by participants.
APPROACHES IN ANALYSIS
 Deductive Approach
- using your research questions to group the data and then look for
similarities and differences
- used when time and resources are limited
- used when qualitative research is a smaller component of a larger
qualitative study
 Inductive Approach
- used when qualitative research is a major design of the inquiry
- using emergent framework to group the data and then look for
relationships
STEPS IN QDA
1. Preparing and organizing the data
2. Reviewing and exploring the data
3. Coding data into categories
4. Constructing descriptions of people, places, and
activities
5. Building themes and testing hypotheses
6. Reporting and interpreting data
 Bogdan and Biklen (1992, pp.166-172) have their own list of possible types of
codes:
 Setting and context codes
 Perspectives held by subjects
 Subjects’ ways of thinking about people and
objects
 Process codes
 Activity codes
 Strategy codes
 Relationship and social structure codes
 Preassigned coding schemes
USEFUL SOFTWARE
(see ww. Sagepub.com for software products), and they are useful
when the quantitative database is large (e.g., more than 500 pages of
transcription) and when the researcher wants to quickly locate useful
quotations and multiple perspectives on a category or theme. As with
only software program, qualitative software programs require time
and skill to learn and employ effectively, although books for learning
the programs are widely available (e.g., Weitzman & Miles, 1995).
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
TYPES
Content Analysis

Narrative Analysis

Discourse Analysis

Framework Analysis

Grounded Theory

Thematic Analysis
CONTENT ANALYSIS
 Content analysis is the procedure for the categorization of
verbal or behavioural data for the purpose of classification,
summarization, and tabulation.
 The content can be analyzed on two levels
Descriptive: What is the data?
Interpretative: What was meant by the data?
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
 Narratives are transcribed experiences
 Every interview/observation has narrative aspect-the
researcher has to sort-out and reflect upon them, enhance
them, and present them in a revised shape to the reader
 Reformulates stories presented by people in different
contexts and based on their different experiences
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 A method of analyzing a naturally occurring talk (spoken
interaction) and all types of written texts
 Focus on ordinary people method of producing and
making sense of everyday social life: How language is
used in everyday situations?
FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
Familiarization: Transcribing and reading the data
Identifying a thematic framework: Initial coding framework which is
developed both from a priori issues and from emergent issues
Coding: Using numerical or textual codes to identify specific piece
of data which correspond to different themes
Charting: Charts created using headings from thematic framework
Mapping and interpretation: Searching for patterns, associations,
concepts and explanations in the data
GROUNDED THEORY
Analytic induction
- starts with an examination of a single case from a
‘pre-defined’ population in order to formulate a general
statement about a population, a concept or a hypothesis.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
Thematic analysis is an appropriate method of analysis for seeking to
understand experiences, thoughts, or behaviors across a data set.
(Braun and Clarke 2012)
Themes are actively constructed patterns (or meanings) derived from
a data set that answer a research question, as opposed to mere
summaries or categorizations of codes. Themes can be generated
inductively or deductively
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 25). How to Do Thematic Analysis | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 25). How to Do Thematic Analysis | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
DATA ANALYSIS SPIRAL
 QUALITATIVE VS
QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative Quantitative

 Begins with more general open-ended  Keep explanatory and outcome variables
questions, moving toward greater identified in advance
precision as more information emerges
 Contextual/confounding variables
 Pre-defined variables are not identified in identified and controlled
advance
 Data collection and analysis distinctly
 Preliminary analysis is an inherent part of separate phases
data collection
 Analysis use formal statistical procedures
“You can have data without information, but you can
never have information without data.”
Daniel Keys Moran

“The goal is to turn data into information and

information into insight.”
Caryl Fiorina

“In GOD we trust. All others must bring data.”

W. Edwards Deming