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Data Analysis Procedures

The document outlines the process of qualitative data analysis in 8 steps: 1) organize the data, 2) identify a framework, 3) code the data, 4) compile similarly coded data, 5) identify patterns and themes, 6) elaborate generalizations, 7) examine generalizations against theories, and 8) analyze using content, narrative, discourse, framework, or thematic analysis. Key aspects include transcribing data, developing a coding framework, sorting data into the framework, and deriving themes and theories.

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Mildred Ortiz
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779 views

Data Analysis Procedures

The document outlines the process of qualitative data analysis in 8 steps: 1) organize the data, 2) identify a framework, 3) code the data, 4) compile similarly coded data, 5) identify patterns and themes, 6) elaborate generalizations, 7) examine generalizations against theories, and 8) analyze using content, narrative, discourse, framework, or thematic analysis. Key aspects include transcribing data, developing a coding framework, sorting data into the framework, and deriving themes and theories.

Uploaded by

Mildred Ortiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA ANALYSIS

PROCEDURES
TERMS USED IN QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
Characteristic:
A single item or event in a
text, similar to an individual
response to a variable or
indicator in a quantitative
research. It is the smallest
unit of analysis.
THEMES
Idea categories
that emerge from
grouping of
lower-level data
points
CODING
The process of attaching
labels to lines of text so
that the researcher can
group and compare
similar or related pieces
of information
CODING SORTS
Compilation of
similarly coded
blocks of text from
different sources in
to a single file or
report
THE PROCESS OF QUALITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
Step 1: Organize the data
Step 2: Identify framework
Step 3: Sort data in to
framework
Step 4: Use the framework
for descriptive analysis
Step 5: Second order analysis
STEP 1: ORGANIZE THE
DATA
 Transcribe the data
 Translate the data
 Data cleaning
 Label the data – Structuring –
Familiarizing
STEP 2: IDENTIFY A
FRAMEWORK
 Read, Read, Read...
 Identify a Framework –
Explanatory – Guided by the
research question – Exploratory-
Guided by the data
 Framework will structure, label
and define data
 Framework=Coding plan
STEP 3
 Give codes to your
first set of field notes
drawn from
observations,
interviews, or
document reviews
STEP 4
Note personal
reflections or
other comments
in the margin
STEP 5
 Sort and sift through the
materials to identify similar
phrases, relationships
between variables, patterns,
themes, distinct differences
between subgroups, and
common sequences
STEP 6
 Identifythese patterns
and processes,
commonalities, and
differences and take
them out to the field in
the next wave of data
collection
STEP 7
 Begin
elaborating a
small set of
generalizations that
cover the consistencies
discerned in the
database
STEP 8
 Examine those
generalizations in
light of a formalized
body of knowledge in
the form of constructs
or theories
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

 Content analysis
 Narrative analysis
 Discourse analysis
 Framework analysis
 Grounded theory
CONTENT ANALYSIS
 Content analysis is the procedure for
the categorization of verbal or
behavioural data for the purpose of
classification, summarization and
tabulation

 The content can be analyzed on two


levels – Descriptive: What is the
data? – Interpretative: what was
meant by the data?
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
 Narratives are transcribed
experiences
 Every interview/observation
has narrative aspect-the
researcher has to sort-out and
reflect up on them, enhance
them, and present them in a
revised shape to the reader
 The core activity in
narrative analysis is to
reformulate stories
presented by people in
different contexts and
based on their different
experiences
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 A method of analyzing a naturally
occurring talk (spoken interaction) and
all types of written texts
 Focus on ordinary people method of
producing and making sense of
everyday social life: How language is
used in everyday situations?
– Sometimes people express
themselves in a simple and
straightforward way
– Sometimes people express
themselves vaguely and indirectly
– Analyst must refer to the
context when interpreting the
message as the same
phenomenon can be described in
a number of different ways
depending on context
FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
 Familiarization: Transcribing &
reading the data
 Identifying a thematic
framework: Initial coding
framework which is developed
both from a priori issues and
from emergent issues
 Coding: Using numerical or
textual codes to identify specific
piece of data which correspond
 Charting: Charts created
using headings from
thematic framework (can
be thematic or by case)
 Mapping and interpretation:
Searching for patterns,
associations, concepts and
explanations in the data
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
 Thematic analysis is the most
common form of analysis in
qualitative research
 It emphasizes pinpointing, examining,
and recording patterns (themes)
within data
 Themes are patterns across data sets
that are important to the description
of a phenomenon and are associated
to a specific research question
 The themes become the categories for
analysis
 Thematic analysis is performed
through the process of coding in six
phases to create established,
meaningful patterns. These phases
are: familiarization with data,
generating initial codes, searching for
themes among codes, reviewing
themes, defining and naming themes,
and producing the final report.
STEP 1: FAMILIARIZATION

 The first step is to get to know our


data. It’s important to get a
thorough overview of all the data
we collected before we start
analyzing individual items.
 This might involve 
transcribing audio, reading through
the text and taking initial notes,
and generally looking through the
data to get familiar with it.
STEP 2: CODING

 Codingmeans
highlighting sections of
our text – usually phrases
or sentences – and
coming up with shorthand
labels or “codes” to
describe their content.
EXAMPLE
Interview Extracts Codes

Personally, I’m not sure. I Uncertainty


think the climate is
changing, sure, but I don’t Acknowledgemen
know why or how. People t of climate
say you should trust the
experts, but who’s to say
change
they don’t have their own Distrust of
reasons for pushing this experts
narrative? I’m not saying
they’re wrong, I’m just Changing
saying there’s reasons not terminology
to 100% trust them. The
facts keep changing – it
used to be called global
warming.
STEP 3: GENERATING
THEMES
 we look over the codes we’ve
created, identify patterns among
them, and start coming up with
themes.
 Themes are generally broader than
codes. Most of the time, you’ll
combine several codes into a single
theme. In our example, we might
start combining codes into themes
like this:
 Turning codes into themes
Codes Theme

 Uncertainty  Uncertainty
 Leave it to the experts
 Alternative explanations

 Changing terminology  Distrust of experts


 Distrust of scientists
 Resentment toward
experts
 Fear of government
control  Misinformation

 Incorrect facts
 Misunderstanding of
science
 Biased media sources

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