Psychoanalysis

Introduction to
Psychology
AMNA NISAR
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST
Psychoanalysis
SIGMUND FREUD
(FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY)
The approach based on the belief that
behavior is motivated by unconscious
inner forces over which the individual
has little control.
Key features of the Psychodynamic approach are:
 Our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences.
 Relationships (particularly parenting) are of primary importance in determining how we
feel and behave.
 Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by the meaning of events to the
unconscious mind. Information can be obtained from dreams, irrational behavior and
what patients in therapy say.
 The personality is made up of three distinct structures: id, ego and super ego.
 Defense mechanisms are used to protect the ego, e.g. repression.
 Children develop through a series of fixed stages: oral, anal and phallic.
 Energy system
 Libido
 Instincts/drives
 Anxiety
 Defense mechanisms
Freud’s Model of the
Mind
Topographical model of the mind

1. Conscious
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious
1. Conscious 2. Preconscious
 The conscious part of the mind encompasses the  The preconscious contains thoughts and
thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that a person feelings that a person is not currently aware of
is aware of at any given moment. It is the aspect but can easily bring to consciousness when
of our mental processing that we can think and needed. It acts as an intermediary between the
talk about rationally. conscious and unconscious parts of the mind.
 According to Freud, the conscious mind is the  Information such as memories, stored
smallest part of what we are psychologically knowledge, and recent experiences reside here,
aware of and is seen as the surface of the mental accessible to the conscious mind under the
apparatus. right conditions.
3. Unconscious
 The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories

that are outside of our conscious awareness.
 Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as
feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.
 According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and

experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. It is
governed by the pleasure principle and is the source of our most primitive desires
and motivations.
Freud’s structure continued
Structural Model of the Mind
The concepts of the id, ego, and superego are
central to the psychoanalytic theory.
Freud's model of the psyche is divided into three
parts, each with distinct roles and functions
within the personality.
 Id
 Ego
 Superego
Id Ego
Represents the innate, biological instincts and The rational part of the psyche that develops to
urges; it is mediate between the unrealistic demands of the id
 entirely unconscious and the external world,
 based on the pleasure principle  Based on reality principle
 Seeks instant gratification of its desires  seeks to satisfy the id’s desires in socially
acceptable ways
Superego
Represents the moral standards and ideals acquired from parents and society
it imposes guilt, shame, and pride to control the desires of the id, striving for perfection rather than
pleasure or reality.
Growth and Development of Personality
Psycho-sexual Stages of development
1. oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latent
5. genital
 Oral Stage (0-1 years): Focus on oral pleasures such as sucking. Fixation can lead to
oral activities in adulthood.
 Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on controlling bladder and bowel movements.
Fixation can lead to anal-retentive or anal-expulsive personality traits.
 Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Focus on the genitals; the Oedipus or Electra complex
arises, where the child feels desire for the opposite-sex parent.
 Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are repressed and channeled into
developing social and intellectual skills.
 Genital Stage (puberty onward): Sexual urges return and are directed towards
peers of the other sex, marking the onset of adult sexuality.
Dream Analysis
 Freud considered dreams the "royal road to the unconscious," serving
as a window to the hidden desires and thoughts of the unconscious
mind.
 Freud proposed that dreams are symbolic fulfillments of repressed

wishes.
 manifest content of dreams (the literal storyline)
 latent content (the hidden psychological meaning).
Freud believed that analyzing dreams could uncover the underlying desires
and conflicts driving an individual's behavior and providing valuable insights
into their psyche. Dream analysis thus became a crucial technique in
psychoanalytic therapy.
Free association
Free association is a fundamental psychoanalytic technique in which the patient is
encouraged to verbalize thoughts as they occur, without censorship or filtering. This
process aims to uncover hidden thoughts and feelings that are buried in the
unconscious.
“Your outer self was created to allow you to meet with your inner
self. Connect your both selves”
Always be thankful
Thank You

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Psychoanalysis

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Introduction to

Topographical model of the mind

 The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories

 According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and

 Freud proposed that dreams are symbolic fulfillments of repressed

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