Halogens

Halogens ( Group 7 )
 Physical properties of halogens

 Halogens as oxidizing agents & their reactivity trend.
 Reactions of halogens with metals
 Reactions of Halogens with non metals ( Hydrogen and
Phosphorous ).
 Displacement reactions of halogens
Halogens ( Group 7 )
The Latin word halogen means salt forming as Group 7 elements are
present in most of the common salts like Sodium chloride , CaBr2
Halogens
Halogen Color as element Vapours color Color in Aqueous
solution
Flourine ( F2) Pale yellow gas Pale yellow -
Chlorine ( Cl2) Green gas Green gas Pale ( goes colorless)
Bromine ( Br2) Red liquid Reddish brown vapors Brown
Iodine (I2) Grey solid Purple vapors Brown
Astatine ( At2) Black solid Dark purple vapors Dark brown
 Question :- Explain why the group 7 elements melting and billing points increase down the group ? /
the Colors go darker as we descend the group
 As we go down the group 7 elements , the number of e – increases .
 Therefore , the intermolecular forces get stronger as we go down the group.
 Hence it requires greater amount of energy to break these attractions .

Halogens
Halogen Color as element Vapours color Color in Aqueous
solution
Flourine ( F2) Pale yellow gas Pale yellow -
Chlorine ( Cl2) Green gas Green gas Pale ( goes colorless)
Bromine ( Br2) Red liquid Reddish brown vapors Brown
Iodine (I2) Grey solid Purple vapors Brown
Astatine ( At2) Black solid Dark purple vapors Dark brown
 Question :- Explain why the melting point of chlorine is lower than that of iodine?
 Iodine has greater number of electrons than chlorine.
 Therefore , the intermolecular forces in iodine molecules are stronger than chlorine.
 Hence it requires greater amount of energy to break these attractions in iodine than chlorine.
Reactivity of Halogens
 Question :- Explain why the group 7 elements get less reactive as we descend
the group
 As we go down the group 7 elements , an extra shell is added.
 The atomic radius increases
 Hence the incoming electron is less forcefully attracted by the nucleus.
 Therefore , the oxidizing ability (reactivity) of halogens decreases down the group.
Displacement Reactions of Halogens
The halogen which is above can displace the halide ion from its compounds.
Reason : The reactivity of halogens decreases as we go down the group.
Displacement Reactions of Halogens
The halogen which is above can displace the halide ion from its compounds.
Reason : The reactivity of halogens decreases as we go down the group.
Displacement reactions of halogens
Question :- Cl2 gas was bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium bromide.
a) Give the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place:-
Cl2(g) + 2 NaBr(aq) …………> 2 NaCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)
(colorless ) ( brown )
b) State any observation which is observed during this reaction :-
Answer :- The colorless solution turns brown
c) What does this reaction suggest about the relative reactivity of the halogens involved?
Answer :- Chlorine is more reactive than bromine , as Cl is displacing the Bromide (Br- ) ion from its
compound.
d) Give the ionic equation for the reaction involved :-
Cl2(g) + 2 Br- (aq) …………………> 2 Cl- (aq) + Br2(aq)
Question :- Chlorine gas was bubbled through an aqueous solution of sodium astatide:
a) Give the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place:-
Cl2(g) + 2 NaAt(aq) …………> 2 NaCl (aq) + At2 (aq)
(colorless ) ( Dark brown )
Answer :- The colorless solution turns dark brown / Grey or black solid is produced.
Answer :- Chlorine is more reactive than astatine , as Cl is displacing the astatide (At- ) ion from its
compound.
d) Give the ionic equation for the reaction involved :-
Cl2(g) + 2 At- (aq) …………………> 2 Cl- (aq) + At2(aq)
Question :- Bromine water was added to an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
a) Give the balanced chemical equation for the reaction (if any )taking place:-
Br2(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) …………> No reaction
(colorless )
Answer :- No reaction .
Answer :- Bromine is less reactive than chlorine , as Bromine is not able to displace the Chloride (Cl-)
ion from its compound.
d) Explain why the following reaction does not take place?
Cl2(g) + 2 NaCl………………> No reaction
Answer :- Chlorine can not displace its ownself .
Reactions of Halogens
2) Reaction with Hydrogen gas
Halogen EQUATION Vigor of reaction
Fluorine H2(g) + F2(g) ………> 2 HF (g) Explodes even in the dark

hydrogen flouride
Chlorine H2(g) + Cl2(g) ………> 2 HCl (g) Explodes in direct sunlight , but faster
hydrogen chloride in the dark.
Bromine H2(g) + Br2(g) ………> 2 HBr (g) Faster under these conditions
Conditions :- 300 C , Pt catalyst
Iodine H2(g) + I2(g) ………> 2 HI (g) Slower under these conditions

Conditions :- 300 C , Pt catalyst
hydrogen iodide
Reactions of halogens
3) Reaction with Red Phosphorous
a) Reaction of Phosphorous with limited supply of chlorine gas:-
2 P (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) ………………> 2 PCl3 (l)
b) Reaction of Phosphorous with excess of chlorine gas :-
2 P (s) + 5 Cl2(g) …………….> 2 PCl5(s)
c) Give the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :-

. i) Reaction of Phosphorous with limited supply of Bromine
2 P (s) + 3 Br2(l) ………………………..> 2 PBr3(s)
ii) Reaction of Phosphorous with excess of Bromine
2 P (s) + 5Br2(l) …………….> 2 PBr5(s)
3) Reaction with metals :-
Halogens react with metals vigorously to form ionic compounds mostly
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) ……………… > 2 NaCl(s)
Observations :-
1) Chlorine gas burns with yellow flame 2) White solid is produced.
c) Give the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :-

. i) Reaction of Potassium with liquid Bromine
2 K (s) + Br2(l) ………………..> 2 KBr(s)
ii) Reaction of Ca with chlorine gas
Ca (s) + Cl2(g) …………….> CaCl2(s)
3) Reaction with transition metals :-
Halogens are powerful oxidizing agents ,therefore , when they react with transition metals , they oxidize
them to their higher oxidation states ( valency )
2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) ……………… > 2 FeCl3(s)
2 Fe (s) + 3 Br2(l) …………………> 2 FeBr3(s)
Q :- When Iron reacts with Chlorine gas , it reacts vigorously to form FeCl3 , But when Iron metal reacts
with Conc. HCl it forms Iron(II) Chloride , even if it is heated strongly. Explain why is this so?
2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) ……………… > 2 FeCl3(s)
Fe (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ……………...> FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

3) Reaction with transition metals :-
Halogens are powerful oxidizing agents ,therefore , when they react with transition metals , they oxidize
them to their higher oxidation states
2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) ……………… > 2 FeCl3(s)
2 Fe (s) + 3 Br2(l) …………………> 2 FeBr3(s)
Q :- When Iron reacts with Chlorine gas , it reacts vigorously to form FeCl3 , But when Iron metal reacts with
Conc. HCl it forms Iron(II) Chloride , even if it is heated strongly. Explain why is this so?
2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) ……………… > 2 FeCl3(s)
Fe (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ……………...> FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
In the first reaction , iron is being oxidized by Chlorine which is a strong oxidizing agent, therefore , iron is
oxidized to Fe3+ .
While in the second equation , iron is being oxidized by H+ ions which are weak oxidiziing agent, therefore ,
iron is oxidized to Fe2+ only

Halogens

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Halogens ( Group 7 )

 Physical properties of halogens

 As we go down the group 7 elements , the number of e – increases .

 Therefore , the intermolecular forces get stronger as we go down the group.

 Hence it requires greater amount of energy to break these attractions .

 Iodine has greater number of electrons than chlorine.

 As we go down the group 7 elements , an extra shell is added.

 The atomic radius increases

 Hence the incoming electron is less forcefully attracted by the nucleus.

Fluorine H2(g) + F2(g) ………> 2 HF (g) Explodes even in the dark

Iodine H2(g) + I2(g) ………> 2 HI (g) Slower under these conditions

c) Give the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :-

c) Give the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :-

Fe (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ……………...> FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

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