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    3.1.3 Halogens: Trend in Melting Point and Boiling Point

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    Aliya Rahman
    1. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules - F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. Their melting and boiling points increase down the group due to stronger intermolecular forces as the molecules get larger. 2. Halogens gain one electron to form -1 ions. Chlorine is the most reactive and iodine the least reactive in displacement and disproportionation reactions due to atomic size effects. 3. Silver nitrate can be used to test for halide ions. Fluoride produces no precipitate while chloride, bromide and iodide produce white, cream and pale yellow precipitates respectively with the silver ions.

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    3.1.3 Halogens: Trend in Melting Point and Boiling Point

    Uploaded by

    Aliya Rahman
    51 views2 pages
    1. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules - F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. Their melting and boiling points increase down the group due to stronger intermolecular forces as the molecules get larger. 2. Halogens gain one electron to form -1 ions. Chlorine is the most reactive and iodine the least reactive in displacement and disproportionation reactions due to atomic size effects. 3. Silver nitrate can be used to test for halide ions. Fluoride produces no precipitate while chloride, bromide and iodide produce white, cream and pale yellow precipitates respectively with the silver ions.

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    3-1-3-halogens

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    1. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules - F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. Their melting and boiling points increase down the group due to stronger intermolecular forces as the molecules get larger. 2. Halogens gain one electron to form -1 ions. Chlorine is the most reactive and iodine the least reactive in displacement and disproportionation reactions due to atomic size effects. 3. Silver nitrate can be used to test for halide ions. Fluoride produces no precipitate while chloride, bromide and iodide produce white, cream and pale yellow precipitates respectively with the silver ions.

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    51 views2 pages

    3.1.3 Halogens: Trend in Melting Point and Boiling Point

    Uploaded by

    Aliya Rahman
    1. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules - F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. Their melting and boiling points increase down the group due to stronger intermolecular forces as the molecules get larger. 2. Halogens gain one electron to form -1 ions. Chlorine is the most reactive and iodine the least reactive in displacement and disproportionation reactions due to atomic size effects. 3. Silver nitrate can be used to test for halide ions. Fluoride produces no precipitate while chloride, bromide and iodide produce white, cream and pale yellow precipitates respectively with the silver ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    3.1.

    3 Halogens
    Fluorine (F2): very pale yellow gas. It is highly reactive
    All halogens exist as Chlorine : (Cl2) greenish, reactive gas, poisonous in high concentrations
    diatomic molecules Bromine (Br2) : red liquid, that gives off dense brown/orange poisonous fumes
    Iodine (I2) : shiny grey solid sublimes to purple gas.

    Trend in melting point and boiling point


    Increase down the group
    As the molecules become larger they have more electrons and so have larger induced dipole-dipole forces
    (London forces) between the molecules. As the intermolecular forces get larger more energy has to be put into
    break these intermolecular forces. This increases the melting and boiling points

    Redox reactions and reactivity of halogens and their compounds


    Electronic configuration.
    All group 7 elements have the outer shell s2p5 electron configuration.
    The will often react by gaining of one electron in redox reactions to form 1– ions

    1. The displacement reactions of halide ions by halogens.

    A halogen that is more reactive will displace The reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group
    a halogen that has a lower reactivity from one as the atoms get bigger with more shielding so they less
    of its compounds easily attract and accept electrons. They therefore form -1
    ions less easily down the group
    know these
    Chlorine will displace both bromide and iodide ions; bromine will displace iodide ions
    observations !
    Chlorine (aq) Bromine (aq) Iodine (aq) The colour of the solution in
    the test tube shows which free
    potassium Very pale green Yellow solution, no Brown solution, halogen is present in solution.
    chloride (aq) solution, no reaction no reaction Chlorine =very pale green
    reaction solution (often colourless),
    potassium Yellow solution, Cl Yellow solution, no Brown solution, Bromine = yellow solution
    bromide (aq) has displaced Br reaction no reaction Iodine = brown solution
    (sometimes black solid
    potassium Brown solution, Cl Brown Solution, Br Brown Solution,
    present)
    iodide (aq) has displaced I has displaced I no reaction

    Observations if an organic solvent is added


    Chlorine (aq) Bromine (aq) Iodine (aq)
    The colour of the organic
    potassium colourless, no yellow, no purple, no solvent layer in the test tube
    chloride (aq) reaction reaction reaction shows which free halogen is
    present in solution.
    potassium yellow, Cl has yellow, no purple, no Chlorine = colourless
    bromide (aq) displaced Br reaction reaction Bromine = yellow
    Iodine = purple
    potassium purple, Cl has purple, Br has purple, no
    iodide (aq) displaced I displaced I reaction

    Explanation of reactivity
    Chlorine is more reactive than bromine because it will Cl2(aq) + 2Br – (aq)  2Cl – (aq) + Br2(aq)
    gain an electron and form a negative ion more easily than
    bromine. The is because an atom of chlorine is smaller Cl2(aq) + 2I – (aq)  2Cl – (aq) + I2(aq)
    than bromine and the outermost shell of chlorine is less Br2(aq) + 2I – (aq)  2Br – (aq) + I2(aq)
    shielded than bromine so the electron to be gained is
    attracted more strongly to the nucleus in chlorine than
    bromine.
    N Goalby chemrevise.org
    2. The disproportionation reactions of chlorine.

    Disproportionation is the name for a reaction where


    an element simultaneously oxidises and reduces.
    If some universal indicator is added to the
    solution it will first turn red due to the acidity
    Chlorine with water: of both reaction products. It will then turn
    Cl2(g) + H2O(l)  HClO(aq) + HCl (aq) colourless as the HClO bleaches the colour.
    Chlorine is both simultaneously reducing and oxidising. It
    changes from 0 in Cl2 to -1 in HCl and +1 in HClO

    Chlorine is used in water treatment to kill bacteria. It has been used to treat drinking water and the water in
    swimming pools. The benefits to health of water treatment by chlorine by its killing of bacteria outweigh its
    risks of toxic effects and possible risks from formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons .

    Reaction of chlorine with cold dilute NaOH solution:

    Cl2,(and Br2, I2) in aqueous solutions will react with cold sodium hydroxide. The chlorine is reacting by
    disproportionation. The colour of the halogen solution will fade to colourless

    Cl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H2O(l)

    The mixture of NaCl and NaClO (sodium chlorate (I)) is used as Bleach and to disinfect/ kill bacteria

    If the hot sodium hydroxide is used a different disproportionation reaction


    occurs forming sodium chlorate(V)
    3Cl2 + 6NaOH → NaClO3 + 5NaCl + 3H2O

    3. The reactions of halide ions with silver nitrate.

    This reaction is used as a test to identify which halide ion The role of nitric acid is to react with any carbonates
    is present. The test solution is made acidic with nitric present to prevent formation of the precipitate
    acid, and then Silver nitrate solution is added drop Ag2CO3. This would mask the desired observations
    wise. 2 HNO3 + Na2CO3  2 NaNO3 + H2O + CO2

    Fluorides produce no precipitate


    Chlorides produce a white precipitate The silver halide precipitates can be treated with ammonia
    Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl(s) solution to help differentiate between them if the colours look
    Bromides produce a cream precipitate similar:
    Ag+(aq) + Br- (aq)  AgBr(s)
    Iodides produce a pale yellow precipitate Silver chloride dissolves in dilute ammonia to form a
    Ag+(aq) + I- (aq)  AgI(s) complex ion
    AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
    Colourless solution
    Silver bromide dissolves in concentrated ammonia to form a
    complex ion
    AgBr(s) + 2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) + Br - (aq)
    Colourless solution
    Silver iodide does not react with ammonia – it is too insoluble.

    N Goalby chemrevise.org 2

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