Operating Systems

Cosc 2042

Chapter one
Introduction

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 Outline
What is an operating system?
Operating System Functions
Operating System Goals
Computer System Components
History of Operating System
Types of Operating System

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 What is an Operating system?
 A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware.
 A systems program which controls and manages
all the computer's resources and provides a base
upon which application programs can be written.
Improve overall system reliability
 error confinement, fault tolerance, reconfiguration.

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 Operating System functions
Extending the machine: hiding the internal
complication of the hardware and presenting
simple view that is simpler and easier to use.
E.g. files instead of physical disk addresses

Managing resources : provides an orderly and

controlled allocation of resources ( processers,
memories, printers ,etc) among various
programs competing for them.
E.g. printing service, space and time multiplexing

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 Operating system goals
 Execute user programs and make
solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system
convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an
efficient manner.

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 Computer System Components
Hardware - provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
Operating system - controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
Applications programs - define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business pro
grams).
Users (people, machines, other computers).

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 Computer System

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 Cont’d
Early Software
Assemblers
Loaders
Linkers
Libraries of common subroutines
Compilers
Device drivers

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 Operating System
Resource allocator - manages and allocates
resources.
Control program - controls the execution of user
programs and operation of I/O devices.
Kernel - the one program running at all times
(all else being application programs).

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 Early Systems - bare machine (early
1950s) - First Generation
Structure
Large machines run from console
Single user system
Programmer/User as operator
Paper tape or punched cards
Secure
Inefficient use of expensive resources
Low CPU utilization
Significant amount of setup time

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 Simple Batch Systems - Second
Generation
Use an operator (somebody to work the machine)
Add a card reader (a device to read programs
written on punched cards)
Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
Automatic job sequencing - automatically transfers
control from one job to another. First rudimentary
operating system
Resident monitor
 initial control in monitor
 control transfers to job
 when job completes control transfers back to monitor
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 Problems
 How does the monitor know about the nature of
the job (e.g., Fortran versus Assembly) or which
program to execute?
How does the monitor distinguish
 job from job?
 data from program?
Solution: introduce control cards
Special cards that tell the resident monitor which
programs to run

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 Control Cards

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 Cont’d

Parts of resident monitor

Control card interpreter - responsible for reading and
carrying out instructions on the cards.
 Loader - loads systems programs and applications
programs into memory.
 Device drivers - know special characteristics and
properties for each of the system's I/O devices.
Problem: Slow Performance - since I/O and CPU
could not overlap, and card reader very slow.
Solution: Off-line operation - speed up computation
by loading jobs into memory from tapes and card
reading and line printing done off-line using smaller
machines.
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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d
Advantage of off-line operation - main computer not
constrained by the speed of the card readers and line
printers, but only by the speed of faster magnetic tape
units.
No changes need to be made to the application programs
to change from direct to off-line I/O operation.
Real gain - possibility of using multiple reader to-tape
and tape-to-printer systems for one CPU.
Spooling - overlap the I/O of one job with the
computation of another job

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 Cont’d

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 Cont’d
(Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line)
Simple Multiprogramming.
While executing one job, the operating system
reads the next job from the card reader into a
storage area on the disk (job queue).
outputs the printout of previous job from disk to
the line printer.
Job pool - data structure that allows the operating
system to select which job to run next, in order to
increase CPU utilization.

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 Multiprogramming and Time Sharing-
Third Generation
Multiprogramming
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the
same time, and the CPU is shared between
them.
 Each job is called a process.

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 OS Features Needed for
Multiprogramming
I/O routine supplied by the system.
Memory management - the system must allocate
the memory to several jobs.
CPU scheduling - the system must choose among
several jobs ready to run.
 Allocation of devices.
 Time sharing (or multitasking) is a logical extension
of multiprogramming.

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 Time-Sharing Systems- Interactive
Computing
Most efficient for many users to share a
large computer.
The CPU is shared between several
processes.
Each process belongs to a user and I/O is
to/from a separate terminal for each user.
On-line file system must be available for
users to access data and code.
Time sharing (or multitasking) is a logical
extension of multiprogramming.
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 Personal-Computer Systems - Fourth
Generation
 Personal computers - computer system
dedicated to a single user.
 I/O devices - keyboards, mice, display screens,
small printers.
 User convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger
operating systems; often individuals have sole
use of computer and do not need advanced CPU
utilization or protection features.

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 Parallel Systems – multi-processor
(systems with more than one CPU)
 Tightly coupled system - processors share memory and a
clock; communication usually takes place through the shared
memory.
 Advantages of parallel systems:
 Increased throughput
Economical
Increased reliability
 Symmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system.
Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor
schedules and allocates work to slave processors.
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More common in extremely large systems 05/23/2024
 Types of Operating system
Mainframe Operating system: operating systems
heavily oriented towards processing many jobs at
once most of which need intensive input output.
Typically they offer three kinds of jobs
Batch: routine jobs without interactive user present
Transaction processing: large number of small jobs
Time sharing: multiple remote users run jobs at once
Server Operating system: run on servers that serve
multiple users over a network and allow users to
share hardware and software resources.
Can provide print service, file service or web service

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 Cont’d
Multi Processor Operating system: multiple CPU in one
system, a variation on server OS with some special
features for communication and connectivity
Personal Computer Operating system: provide a good
interface for a single user
Real Time Operating system: Often used as a control
device in a dedicated application such as controlling,
scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display systems

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 Cont’d
Embedded Operating System: run on the computers
that control devices that are not generally thought of as
computers such as Tv, microwave ovens and DVD
Smart Card Operating System: handle only a single
function such as electronic payments

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