Working Principle of Transformer

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals
Course No: EEE 1127
Presented by:
MD Abdullah
Roll:2227022
Department of Materials Science And Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering And Technology,Khulna
Working Principle Of
Transformer
Introduction to Transformers
Transformers are electrical devices that transfer

electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction.
They are used to increase or decrease the

voltage levels in power transmission and
distribution systems.
The working principle of a transformer is based

on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Working Principle of Transformer
If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an
alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is
linked with the other coil in
which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.If the second coil circuit is
closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred
(entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil. The first
coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is
called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out,
is called secondary winding.
In a brief,transformer is a device that,
1. transfers electric power from one circuit to another

2. it does so without a change of frequency
3. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
where the two
electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each
other.
Basic Structure of a Transformer
A transformer consists of two or more coils of

wire, known as windings, placed on a common
iron core.
The primary winding receives electrical energy

from the input source, while the secondary
winding delivers the transformed output.
The windings are electrically insulated to

prevent short circuits.
Magnetic Field Generation
When an alternating current (AC) flows through

the primary winding, it creates a changing
magnetic field around the winding.
This changing magnetic field induces a voltage

in the secondary winding through mutual
induction.
The number of turns in each winding

determines the voltage ratio between the
primary and secondary sides.
Transformer Core
The iron core is used to enhance the magnetic

field and improve the efficiency of the
transformer.
It provides a low reluctance path for the

magnetic flux generated by the windings.
The core is typically made of laminated iron

sheets to minimize eddy current losses.
Magnetic Flux and Induced Voltage
The changing magnetic field produced by the

primary winding cuts across the turns of the
secondary winding.
This results in the induction of an alternating

voltage in the secondary winding.
The magnitude of the induced voltage depends

on the turns ratio and the rate of change of the
magnetic field.
Step-up and Step-down Transformers
Step-up transformers increase the voltage level

from the primary to the secondary winding,
used in power transmission.
Step-down transformers decrease the voltage

level from the primary to the secondary
winding, used in power distribution.
The turns ratio determines the voltage

transformation ratio of the transformer.
Ideal vs. Practical Transformers
Ideal transformers have no losses and can

transfer power with 100% efficiency.
Practical transformers have losses due to

resistive heating in the windings and magnetic
core losses.
Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input

power and is typically above 95% for well-
designed transformers.
Transformer Efficiency and Losses
Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the

windings and are minimized by using thicker
wires.
Iron losses, also known as core losses, occur

due to hysteresis and eddy currents in the core
material.
Transformers are designed to have low losses to

maximize efficiency and reduce energy
wastage.
Transformer Cooling
Transformers generate heat during operation,

which needs to be dissipated to prevent
overheating.
Cooling methods include natural convection,

forced air cooling, oil immersion, and liquid
cooling.
Proper cooling ensures the transformer operates

within its temperature limits and prolongs its
lifespan.
The End

Working Principle of Transformer

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Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

Course No: EEE 1127

Transformers are electrical devices that transfer

They are used to increase or decrease the

The working principle of a transformer is based

1. transfers electric power from one circuit to another

A transformer consists of two or more coils of

The primary winding receives electrical energy

The windings are electrically insulated to

When an alternating current (AC) flows through

This changing magnetic field induces a voltage

The number of turns in each winding

The iron core is used to enhance the magnetic

It provides a low reluctance path for the

The core is typically made of laminated iron

The changing magnetic field produced by the

This results in the induction of an alternating

The magnitude of the induced voltage depends

Step-up transformers increase the voltage level

Step-down transformers decrease the voltage

The turns ratio determines the voltage

Ideal transformers have no losses and can

Practical transformers have losses due to

Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input

Copper losses occur due to the resistance of the

Iron losses, also known as core losses, occur

Transformers are designed to have low losses to

Transformers generate heat during operation,

Cooling methods include natural convection,

Proper cooling ensures the transformer operates

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