Lecture 1 Intro

Data Communication &
Computer Networks
1. Introduction
What is … ?
 Communication
 Information transfer, according to agreed conventions
using hand signals, language, Morse code, smoke signals
etc.
 Telecommunication
 Communication at a distance, includes telephony,
telegraphy, television etc.
 Data Communication
 Transfer of data from one or more sources to one or more
destinations.
 Computer Network
 A network of data processing nodes that are
interconnected for the purpose of data communication.
2
Components of data
communication system
Sender, Receiver, Message , Medium, Protocol

A set of rules that
governs data The data
communication (information) to be
communicated
The physical path

by which a
message travels
3
Data communication system
 Its effectiveness depends upon three
characteristics …
 Delivery
 To deliver data to correct destination
 Accuracy
 To deliver data accurately
 Timeliness
 To deliver data in a timely manner
4
Data representation
 Text
 Numbers
 Images
 Audio
 Video
5
Direction of data flow
 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full-duplex
6
What is a
network?
 It is a set of devices
(nodes) connected by
communication links.
 A node can be a
computer or printer
etc.
7
Why make a network?
 Because of networks we can …
 Share resources ( Peripherals, files,
internet connection etc.)
 Communicate and collaborate
 Save data
8
Network criteria
 Important criteria for evaluating a
network are …
 Performance
 Reliability
 Availability
 Security
9
Types of Connection
 Point-to-point
 Multipoint
10
Point-to-point connection
 Provides a dedicated link between devices.

 Entire capacity of the link is reserved for the
two devices.
11
Multipoint connection
 More than two specific devices share a

single link.
 The capacity of the channel is shared.
12
Network Topology
 It refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically.
 It is a geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking
devices to one another.
13
Mesh topology
 Every device has a
dedicated point-to-point
link to every other
device.
 A fully connected mesh
network has n(n-1)/2
physical channels to
connect n devices with
each device having n-1
I/O ports.
14
Star topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
link to a central controller (usually a hub).
 Less expensive than mesh.
15
Bus topology
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link
all devices.
 Multipoint connection (shared link)
16
Ring topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection only with two other devices.
 A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction.
17
Categories of networks
 A Network is categorized with respect to its
size, its ownership, the distance it covers
and its physical architecture.
18
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 Usually owned by same organization
as attached devices
 Data rates much higher
 Usually broadcast systems
19
LAN
20
Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
 Middle ground between LAN and WAN
 May be owned by Private company or a service
provided by a public company
 Large area
21
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Large geographical area
 Crossing public rights of way
 Rely in part on common carrier circuits
22
What is a protocol?
 It is a set of rules that governs data
communication
23
Standardized Protocol
Architectures
 Required for devices to communicate
 Vendors have more marketable products
 Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
 Two standards:
 OSI Reference model
 Never lived up to early promises
 TCP/IP protocol suite
 Most widely used
 Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture
(SNA)
24
The OSI Model
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 An organization dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

 An ISO standard/model that covers all aspects
of network communications.
25
Away
Pizza
Sausage
Throw
Not
Do
Please
26
OSI
vs.
TCP/IP
28
Internet (TCP/IP) Model
29
Physical Layer
 It is responsible for transmitting
individual bits from one node to the
next.
 It is mainly concerned with …
 Characteristics of transmission medium
 Signal levels
 Data rates
30
Data Link Layer
 It is responsible for transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
 Its major duties are …
 Framing
 Physical Addressing
 Flow Control
 Error Control
 Access Control
31
Node to node delivery
 A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link.
 At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed.
 The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level.
 The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error
detection
32
Network Layer
 Responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.
 Performs routing functions across multiple
networks
 Implemented in end systems and routers
33
Transport Layer
 It is responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another.
 Its major functions are …
 Port Addressing
 Connection Control
 Flow Control
 Error Control
34
Application Layer
 It is responsible for providing services to the
user.
35
Summary
36

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Data Communication &

Sender, Receiver, Message , Medium, Protocol

The physical path

 Provides a dedicated link between devices.

 More than two specific devices share a

 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

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