Lecture 2

Computer Communication &
Networks
Lecture 2
Introduction to Data Communication
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCCNbsSp09/index.asp
Waleed Ejaz
waleed.ejaz@uettaxila.edu.pk 1
Data Communications
 The term telecommunication means

communication at a distance. The word data
refers to information presented in whatever
form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are
the exchange of data between two devices
via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable.
2
Fundamental Characteristics
 The effectiveness of a data communication

system depend on four fundamental
characteristics:
 Delivery
 Accuracy
 Timelines
 Jitter
3
Five Components of Data
Communication
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium
5. Protocol
4
Direction of data flow
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
5
Networks: key issues
 Network criteria
 Performance
 Throughput
 Delay
 Reliability
 Data transmitted are identical to data received.
 Measured by the frequency of failure
 The time it takes a link to recover from a failure
 Security
 Protecting data from unauthorized access
6
Terminology
 The throughput or bandwidth of a channel is

the number of bits it can transfer per second
 The latency or delay of a channel is the time

that elapses between sending information and
the earliest possible reception of it
7
Network topologies
 Topology defines the way hosts are

connected to the network
8
Network topology issues
a goal of any topology
1. high throughput (bandwidth)
2. low latency
9
Bandwidth and Latency
Bandwidth
1. telecommunications: range of radio frequencies: a range of radio
frequencies used in radio or telecommunications transmission and
reception
2. computing: communications capacity: the capacity of a
communications channel, for example, a connection to the Internet, often
measured in bits per second
3. a data transmission rate; the maximum amount of information
(bits/second) that can be transmitted along a channel
Latency
A synonym for delay, is an expression of how much time it takes
for transmission from one designated point to another
10
Categories of Topology
11
Mostly used network topologies
bus
mesh
ring
star
12
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
13
Hierarchical organization of the Internet
14
Layering & Protocol Stacks
15
What’s a protocol?
human protocols:
 “what’s the time?”
 “I have a question”
 introductions
… specific msgs sent

… specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events
network protocols:
 machines rather than humans
 all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols
16
Protocol
 protocols define format, order of msgs sent

and received among network entities, and
actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
time
Hi
TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
time? Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm
2:00
<file>
17
Standard
 Essential in creating and maintaining an open

and competitive market for equipment
manufacturers
 Guaranteeing national & international
interoperability of data & telecommunication
technology & process.
18
Layered Tasks
An example from the everyday life
Hierarchy?
Services
19
Why layered communication?
 To reduce complexity of communication task

by splitting it into several layered small tasks
 Functionality of the layers can be changed as
long as the service provided to the layer
above stays unchanged
 makes easier maintenance & updating
 Each layer has its own task

 Each layer has its own protocol
20
Reference Models
 OSI reference model

 TCP/IP
21
OSI Reference model
 Open System Interconnection
 7 layers
1. Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed

2. Each layer performs a well define function
3. Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally
standardized protocols
4. Number of layers – large enough to avoid
complexity
22
Seven layers of the OSI model
23
Exchange using OSI Model
24
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
25
Issues, to be resolved by the layers
 Larger bandwidth at lower cost
 Error correction
 Flow control
 Addressing
 Multiplexing
 Naming
 Congestion control
 Mobility
 Routing
 Fragmentation
 Security
 ....
26
OSI Layers
27
Physical layer
physical
connection
Transporting bits from one end node to the next

- type of the transmission media (twisted-pair, coax, optical fiber, air)
- bit representation (voltage levels of logical values)
- data rate (speed)
- synchronization of bits (time synchronization)
28
Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
29
Data Link layer
logical
connection
Transporting frames from one end node to the next one
- framing - physical addressing

- flow control - error control
- access control
30
Data Link layer
- hop-to-hop delivery-
31
Data Link layer
- example-
32
Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
33
Readings
 Chapter 1 (B. A Forouzan)

 Section 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4
 Chapter 2 (B.A Forouzan)
 Section 2.1, 2.2
34
35

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Computer Communication &

 The term telecommunication means

 The effectiveness of a data communication

 The throughput or bandwidth of a channel is

 The latency or delay of a channel is the time

 Topology defines the way hosts are

a goal of any topology

1. high throughput (bandwidth)

… specific msgs sent

 all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

 protocols define format, order of msgs sent

 Essential in creating and maintaining an open

 To reduce complexity of communication task

 Each layer has its own task

 OSI reference model

1. Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed

Transporting bits from one end node to the next

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

Transporting frames from one end node to the next one

- framing - physical addressing

The data link layer is responsible for moving

 Chapter 1 (B. A Forouzan)

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