FUNCTIONS

 Concepts in Functions
 Straight Line Graphs
 Parabolas
 Hyperbolas
 Exponentials
 Sine Graphs
 Cos Graphs
 Tan Graphs

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 CONCEPTS IN FUNCTIONS
Formulae and Tables
E.g. Given the formula y = 2x, the table can be
constructed:
x -2 -2 0 1 2 3
y -4 -2 0 2 4 6
• x in this relation is called the independent variable,
since the values of x were chosen randomly.

• However, it is clear that the values of y depended

entirely on the values of x as well as the rule used,
namely, y = 2x. In this relation, y is called the
dependent variable. 2
Graphs

 In order to draw graphs, we need to plot co-

ordinates or ordered pairs onto the Cartesian
Plane
 Co-ordinate or Ordered Pair:
(independent variable; dependent variable)
(x; y)

Ordered Pairs on the Cartesian Plane (Co-ordinates)

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 • The Cartesian Plane

Decode the mes

sage
by writing
down the letter
found at each of
the following
coordinates:
Plotting points (1,5), (3,1),
on a Cartesian (3,4), (5,2),
Plane
(5,4), (1,1),
(4,5) and (1,2).
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Domain and Range

 Domain refers to the x-values that exist

 Range refers to the y-values that exist

Examples
 a) Given: set of ordered pairs {(-2; 16); (0; 4); (3; 7)}

Domain = {-2; 0; 3}
Range = {16; 4; 7}
 b) Given: equation y  2 x _ where _ x  {2;1;0;1;2;3}

Domain = {-2; -1; 0; 1; 2; 3}

Range = {-4;-2;0;2;4;6}.

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• b) Given: graph

Domain: x  [2;1]
Range: y  [1;2]
Finding the Domain and Range of Graphs 6
f(x) Notation
 f(x) is the equivalent of y
Example: Given f ( x)  3 x 2  3 determine the value of:
 a) f(2) … therefore, substitute x = 2
f ( x)  3x 2  3
f (2)  3(2) 2  3
f ( 2)  8
 b) f(x)=0
f ( x)  3x 2  3
0  3x 2  3
3  3x 2
1  x2
x  1 7
 EXERCISE
1. Determine the domain and range:
 a) Given the set: {(-3;-4); (2;1); (-6;-9)}
 b) Given the equation: y=4x-6
 c) Given the graph:

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2. If f ( x)  2 x 2  x  1 determine the value of:

 a) f(1)
 b) f(- 1)
 c) f (2x)
 d) f(x)=0
 e) f(x)=1

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 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS
 The graph of a linear function is a
straight line.
 Standard form of a straight line graph:
y=mx+c

where m = gradient
and c = y-intercept

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Effects of m and c in y = mx + c:
 m represents the gradient of the straight line
If m > 0, the gradient is positive
If m < 0, the gradient is negative

 c represents the y-intercept of the straight line graph

and also indicates the vertical translation of the
graph
If c > 0, the graph has a positive y-intercept
and shifts up by c units
If c < 0, the graph has a negative y-intercept
and shifts down by c units

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Sketching Straight Line Graphs Using The
Table Method

Example 1
Sketch the graph of y = 2x+4 by using the table
method.

x -1 0 1 2
y 2 4 6 8

• The x-values were randomly chosen.

• The y-values were found by substituting the x -
values into the equation y = 2x +4.
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Note!
x-intercept is at
(-2; 0)
y-intercept is at
(0; 4)

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Sketching Straight Line Graphs Using The
Dual-Intercept Method

Sketching Straight Lines using the Dual-Intercept Meth

od
Example
Sketch the graph of y = -3x - 3 by using the dual-
intercept method.

x-intercept: y = 0 y-intercept: x = 0

0 = -3x – 3 y = -3(0) – 3
3x = -3 y=0–3
x = -1 y = -3
(-1; 0) (0;-3)
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The Graph of y = -3x – 3:

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Sketching Straight Line Graphs Using The Gradient-
Intercept Method
Example
Sketch the graph of 1
g ( x)   xby using the gradient-
intercept method. 2
• The negative sign
indicates that the line
slopes to the left. The y-
intercept is 0.
• The numerator tells us
to rise up 1 unit from
the y - intercept.
• The denominator tells
us to run 2 units to the
left
Determining the Gradient using the Gradient-Intercept Method 16
 Horizontal and Vertical Lines
a) Sketch the graph of y = 2
 In this relation, the x-values can vary but the
y - values must always remain 2.

x -1 0 1 2
y 2 2 2 2

Lines which cut the y - axis

and are parallel to the x – axis
have equation y = number
Determining the Gradient o
Horizontal Straight Lines f Horizontal Straight Lines
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b) Sketch the graph of x = 2
 In this relation, the y-values can vary but the
x - values must always remain 2.

x 2 2 2 2
y -2 -1 0 1

Lines which cut the x - axis

and are parallel to the y – axis
have equation x = number

Vertical Straight Lin

es 18
 EXERCISE
1. Draw neat sketch graphs of the following
linear functions on separate axes.

(a) f (x) = 3x- 6 (f) y - 3x = 6

(b) g (x) = - 2x + 2 (g) y = 3x + 2
(c) h (x) = - 4x (h) 2x + 3y + 6 = 0
(d) 5x + 2y = 10 (i) 3x + 3y = 0
(e) y–x=0 (j) 3x = 2y
Straight Line Graphs Calculator 19
2. With each of the equations below, do the following:
i. Write the equation in standard form
ii. Determine the gradient
iii. Determine the y-intercept
(a) 2y - 4x = 0 (c) 6x - 3y = 1
(b) 2y + 4x = 2 (d) x - 2y = 4

3. Given the following equation: f (x) = - 2x + 1

(a) Sketch the graph
(b) Draw the graph of g(x) if it is f(x) the
has been translated 2 units upwards.

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 Finding the Equations of Straight Line Graphs
Determining the Equation of a Straight Line Graph

Example 1: Determine the equation of the line:

They-intercept is 3, so c = 3.
y=mx+3

Substitute the point (8 ; - 1)

- l = m(8) + 3
- 1 = 8m + 3
- 8m = 4
m = -½
Therefore the equation is :
y = - ½ x +3
Calculating the Gradients o
Challenge!Finding the gradient when c f Different Staircases 21
 EXERCISE
1. Determine the equations of the following lines:
(a) (b)

(c ) (d)

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2. Determine the equation of the line:
a) passing through the point (-1; - 2) and cutting
the y-axis at 1.

b) Determine the equation of the line with a gradient

of - 2 and passing through the point (2; 3).

c) Determine the equation of the line which cuts the

x-axis at 5 and the y - axis at - 5.

d) Determine the equation of the line which cuts the

x-axis at – 3 and the y - axis at 9.

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 Parallel Lines
Parallel lines have the same gradient (m)

1. Are these lines parallel? y = 2x + 4 and y – 2x – 6 = 0

•y = 2x + 4 => m = 2

•y – 2x – 6 = 0

y = 2x + 6 => m = 2 Yes! They are parallel.

2. Are these lines parallel? 2y = 2x + 4 and – 2x + y – 6 = 0

•2y = 2x + 4

y = x + 2 => m = 1
•- 2x + y – 6 = 0

y = 2x + 6 => m = 2 No! They are not parallel.

Parallel lines 24
 Perpendicular Lines

Perpendicular Line 25
Intersecting Straight Line Graphs

 Point of Intersection:
The point at which both straight line graphs have the
same value for x and for y

 Can determine the point of intersection

a) graphically
b) algebraically (solve equations simultaneously)

Example:
Solve 3x-y=4 and 2x-y=5

a) Graphically
Point of intersection

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Example: Solve 3x-y=4 and 2x-y-5
b) Algebraically
3x – y = 4 … (1)
-y = 4 – 3x
y = 3x – 4 … (3)
2x-y=5 … (2)
Substitute (3) into (2)
2x – (3x-4) = 5
2x – 3x + 4 = 5
-x = 1
x = -1
Substitute x = -1 into (3)
y=3(-1)-4
y =-7
Point of intersection: (-1;-7)

Points of Intersection
Calculator
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 EXERCISE
1. Draw neat sketch graphs of the following
lines on the same set of axes:
x + y = 3 and x - y = -1.

2. Solve x + y = 3 and x - y = - 1 using

the method of simultaneous
equations.

3. Determine the coordinates of the point of

intersection of the following pairs of
lines: x + 2y = 5 and x- y = - 1
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 PARABOLAS
Quadratic Equations have the formula:
y = ax² + q
Investigation 1

Complete the following table and then draw the

graphs of each function on the set of axes provided
below.
x -2 -1 0 1 2

x²

2x²

3x²
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 x²
2x²
3x²

Investigating the effects of a of a Parabola

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Investigation 2

Complete the following table and then draw the graphs of

each function on the set of axes provided below.

x -2 -1 0 1 2

x² - 2

x²

x² + 2

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 x²
x²+2
x²-2

Investigating the effects of q

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of a Parabola
Example
Given: f ( x)  x 2  4
(a) Write down the coordinates of the y - intercept.
y – intercept: (0; -4).

(b) Determine the coordinates of the x - intercepts.

f ( x)  x 2  4
0 = (x + 2)(x - 2)
x + 2 = 0 or x – 2 =0
x= - 2 or x = 2
x-intercepts : (- 2; 0) and (2; 0)

(c) Sketch the graph.

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f ( x)  x 2  4

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Given: f ( x)  x  4
2

(d) Determine the turning point of the graph.

Turning point is (0; - 4)

(e) Determine the minimum value of the graph.

Minimum value = -4.

(f) Determine the domain of the graph.

xR
(g) Determine the range of the graph.
y  4; y  R

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Reflecting Straight Lines & Parabolas

Reflecting Straight Lines & Parabol 36

 THE HYPERBOLA
Standard form of a hyperbola graph:
a
y  q
x
2
Investigation 1: e.g. y 
x
Complete the table using substitution:

x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
y - 1/3 -½ -1 undefined 1 ½ 1/3
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 2
y
x

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Investigation 2: 2
e.g. y  3
x
Complete the table using substitution:

x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
y 2,67 2,5 2 undefined 4 3,5
3,33

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 2 2
y y  3
x x

2 2
y y
x x

2
y
x

Hyperbolas40
EXERCISE
Sketch the following, using the table method:

1) 3
y
x
2) 1
y  2
x

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 Standard form of a hyperbola graph:
a
y  q
x
- a > 0: Quadrants 1 & 3 a < 0: Quadrants 2 & 4

-
q > 0: Graph shifted up
- q < 0: Graph shifted down

NOTE! Asymptote on y-axis (x = 0) 42

 EXPONENTIALS
Standard form of an exponential graph:
y = a. bx + q

Investigation 1: e.g. y = 3 x

Complete the table using substitution:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 0,037 0,111 0,333 1 3 9 27

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y = 3x

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 y = 3x
Write down the co-ordinates of the x intercept.
 X intercept :
This graph does not cut the x – axis.

y=3 =1 0

ie y  0
y = 0 is the equation of the asymptote
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y = 3x

y=0
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 Sketch the graph of:
1) y = 2 -x
2) y = ½x
What do you notice? It’s the same graph!

Why? Because of our Exponent Laws! 47

Sketch the graph of y = 3x - 1

 What do you think it will look like ?

 How will it differ from y = 3x ?

 What is the equation of its asymptote ?

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 y = 3x - 1

Investigating the Exponential Graph

y = -1
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 Standard form of an exponential graph:
y = a. bx + q

- b is a whole number: e.g. y = 2 x

(increasing function)

- b is a fraction: e.g. y = ½ x or y = 2 -x
(increasing function)

-
q > 0: Graph shifted up
- q < 0: Graph shifted down

NOTE! Asymptote on x-axis (y = 0) 50

Example 3 PLEASE ANIMATE
Find the value of a and q
in the equation of the
exponential graph:
y = a.2x+1+q

 q = -3
 Subst. (-1;0)
0 = a.2-1+1- 3
0 = a.1 – 3
3=a

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Example 2 PLEASE ANIMATE
Find the value of b and q in the equation of the
exponential graph: y = -3.bx+1+q

 q=1
 Subst. (-2;0)
0 = -3.b-2+1+ 1
0 = -3.b-1 + 1
3
1 
b
 b  3
b3 52
 SINE GRAPHS
The trig function “Sine” can be sketched

Example 1:
a) Complete the table of y = sinx for x  [0°; 360°]
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°

y = sin x

210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°

y = sin x

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Link between sinx as a ratio and as a graph 54
b) Determine the following based on the graph:
i.The maximum value is…. 1

ii.The minimum value is … -1

Amplitude
= (maximum - minimum value) divided by 2
= (1-(-1))  2
=2 2

=1
c) Determine:
i.The domain of the graph is …
xR
ii.The range of the graph is …
y  [1;1]
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Example 2:
a) Draw the graph of y = sin x for x [-360°; 360°]

b) After how many degrees does the graph (pattern) start repeating itself? … 360°
This is called the period of the graph.

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 Exercise

Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period

y = sin x

y = 2 sin x

y =3 sin x

y = - sin x

y = - 2 sin x

The effects of a in y = asinx Amplitude shifts of y = asinx57

Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period

y = sin x

y = sin x + 1

y = sin x - 2

Vertical shifts of y = sinx + q 58

 COS GRAPHS
The trig function “Cosine” can be sketched

Example 1:
a) Complete the table of y = cosx for x  [0°; 360°]
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°

y = cos x

210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°

y = cos x

59
Link between cosx as a ratio and as a graph 60
b) Determine the following based on the graph:
i.The maximum value is…. 1

ii.The minimum value is … -1

Amplitude
= (maximum - minimum value) divided by 2
= (1-(-1))  2
=2 2

=1
c) Determine:
i.The domain of the graph is …
xR
ii.The range of the graph is …
y  [1;1]
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Example
a) Draw the graph of y = cosx for x [-360°; 360°]


b) After how many degrees does the graph (pattern) start repeating itself? … 360°
This is called the period of the graph.

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Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period

y = cos x

y= 2 cos x

y = 3 cos x

y = - cos x

y = - 2 scos x

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Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period

y = cos x

y = cos x + 2

y = cos x - 1

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 TAN GRAPHS
The trig function “Tangent” can be sketched

Example 1:
a) Complete the table of y = tan x for x  [0°; 360°]
0° 45° 90° 135° 180° x is undefined at
90◦ and 270◦
y = tan x
Therefore, the tan
225° 270° 315° 360°
graph has
ASYMPTOTES at
x = 90◦ and
y = tan x
x = 270◦
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66
b) Determine the following based on the graph:
i.The maximum value is…. There is none!

ii.The minimum value is … There is none!

Amplitude - There is none!

However: y = atanx … a is the “amplitude”

c) Determine:
i.The domain of the graph is …

x  R; x  90 _ and _ x  270

ii.The
range of the graph is …
yR
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Example
a) Draw the graph of y = tan x for x [-360°; 360°]

b) After how many degrees does the graph (pattern) start repeating itself? … 180°
This is called the period of the graph.

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 Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period

y = tan x

y= 2 tan x

y = 3 tan x

y = - tan x

y = - 2 tan x

69
 Exercise
Graph Amplitude Maximum Minimum Period

y = tan x

y = tan x + 2

y = tan x - 1

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