PRESENTATION

ON
BUILDING PROJECT PROPOSAL

Group members
Supervisor
Saugat Singh Thakuri
ER.Abiral Upadhaya
Sunil Yadav
Dhiraj Shah
Kamlesh Yadav
Dinesh Acharya
METHODOLOGY
The initiative step to final step of project to be carried out has been shown
below in flowchart as :
 Group Selection

Project Selection

Proposal Writing and Proposal defense

Study of Architectural Drawing

Preliminary Design

Load Calculation

Software Analysis

Design and Check

Result Interpretation

Detailing Preparation of Detail

Drawing
 Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya-the highest, youngest and seismically very active mountain range.
 Each building has its own purposes and importance. Basically, buildings were constructed
based on client requirement, geographical condition of the site, safety, privacy, available
facilities, etc. and designed as:
1.Planning phase
 Building design should favor with the surrounding structures and weather.Building is designed remaining
within the periphery of building codes, municipal bylaws and guidelines with the following steps :
 Functional planning
 Structural Planning

2.Load Assessment Phase

Once the detailed architectural drawing of building is drawn, the building subjected to different
loads is found out and the calculation of load is done. The loads on building are categorized as
below:

i. Gravity Load

This includes the self-weight of the building such as structural weight, floor finish, partition wall,
other household appliances, etc. To assess these loads, the materials to be used are chosen and their
weights are determined based on Indian standard code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures:
ii. Lateral Load
Lateral load includes wind load and earthquake load. Wind load acts on roof truss
while an earthquake act over the entire structure.Further it included the following loads
as

a. Wind load
 Wind load calculation is based on IS 875 (part III):1987
b. Earthquake load
 Earthquake on IS 1893 (part I):2002.

iii.Load Combination
 Combination of different loads is based on IS 875 (part V):1987 Load combinations
3.Preliminary Design
Before proceeding for load calculation, Preliminary size of slabs, beams and columns
and the type of material used are decided
Idealization of structure
 Idealization of support
 The fixity of the structure at the foundation level
 Adopted to assess the stiffness of soil bearing strata supporting the foundation
 The stiffness of soil is finite in reality and elastic foundation design principles
address this property to some extent, our adoption of rigid foundation overlooks it.
 Elastic property of soil is addressed by parameters like Modulus of Elasticity,
Modulus of Subgrade reaction, etc.
 Idealization of load
 The load acting on the clear span of a beam should include floor or any types of load
acting over the beam on the tributary areas bounded by 450 lines from the corner of
the panel i.e. Yield line theory is followed
 Thus, a triangular or trapezoidal type of load acts on the beam.
 Modeling and Analysis of structure
Salient Features of SAP2000 v.19 represents one of the most sophisticated and user-friendly
release of SAP series of computer programs

Structures that can be modeled with this element include:

• Three-dimensional frames
• Three-dimensional trusses
• Planar frames
• Planar grillages
• Planar trusses
Design and Detailing
It includes the different methods to determine the behavior of structure and design of member as
1.Working Stress Method/ Allowable Stress Design
Assumptions
• WSM is that the behavior of structural material is restricted with in linear-elastic region and
the safety of it is ensured by restricting the stresses coming on the members by working loads.
• Thus the allowable stresses will come in the linear portion (i.e., initial phase) of the stress-
strain curve. Thus a factor of safety was introduced to the design
• The Stresses in an element is obtained from the working loads and compared with
permissible stresses.
Assumption contd…
• The method follows linear stress-strain behavior of the materials.
• Modular ratio can be used to determine allowable stresses.
• The bond between steel and concrete is perfect within elastic limit of steel.
• The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete is straight line under working load.
• The stresses under working loads are be kept within the ‘permissible stresses’

Limitation
• The assumptions of linear elastic behavior and control of stresses within permissible
stresses are unrealistic due to several reasons i.e. creep, shrinkage, stress concentrations,
long term effects and others secondary effects .It will lead to increase of stresses into the
inelastic range.
• Different types of loads acting simultaneously have different degrees of uncertainties. This
cannot be taken into account in the working stress method.
• Working Stress method will lead to large FOS and over-sized sections, thus reducing the
design economy i.e. uneconomical.
• Its does not take into account the non-linear relationship between stress and strain and
ability of structural member to resist load even after local yielding.
• It also does not consider re-distribution of forces and moment after local yielding.
2.Ultimate Load Method
• This is also known as load factor method or ultimate strength method.
• It assumes use of the nonlinear region of stress strain curves of steel and
concrete. The safety is ensured by introducing load factor.
• “Load factor is the ratio of ultimate strength to the service loads”
• The ULM makes it possible to consider the effects of different loads acting
simultaneously thus solving the limitation of WSM.
• The ultimate strength of the material is considered. It will get much slender
sections for columns and beams compared to WSM method.
• But the serviceability criteria is not met because of large deflections and
cracks in the sections.
• The stress distribution at ultimate load was just the magnification of service
load by load factor following the linear elastic theory.
3.Limit State Method
• Limit state : The Acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirement before failure
occurs is called limit state. • IS Codes 800:2007 pages 27 to 31
• It considers the safety at the ultimate load and serviceability at the working load, sort of
extension of the WSM and ULM.
• The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to provide adequate
safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at service loads, by considering all
possible ‘Limit State’
• There are 2 types of limit states;
 Ultimate Limit State (limit states of collapse): It considers strength, overturning, fatigue,
sliding, buckling fracture etc.
 Serviceability Limit State: It considers crack width, deflection, vibration, discomfort to
occupancy and/ or malfunction, leakage , loss of durability etc
Drawings

As specified in the requirement of the project assignment, the report also includes the
following drawings:

1. Architectural Plan of Typical floors, Elevation and Cross Section of the building.
2. Detailed Structural drawing of full size beam, full size column, slab, staircase and
mat foundation. Longitudinal and Cross section drawings are made to represent
specifically the proper detailing of rebar in individual elements, at beam column joints,
at the end support of slabs, in staircase and in the foundation.
Organization and Preparation of Project Work Report
The project work report is prepared in the standard format availed by the Department of Civil
Engineering.
This project report has been broadly categorized into five chapters; summary of each chapter is
mentioned below:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Project Work
This chapter gives an overview of the project as a whole .
Chapter 2: Methodology
This chapter presents the method used in execution of project from initiation till completion
with brief details of processes.
Chapter 3: Functional and Structural Planning of the Building
The first part of this chapter presents the functional planning of building with reference
to architectural provisions of space, light, ventilation, etc. for specific areas of the
building. The second part deals with the structural planning for seismic resistant design
and justification of number of beams and columns, frames, their orientation/
arrangement.
Chapter 4: Load Assessment and Preliminary Design
In this chapter, justification of material selection, material characteristics are shown. It
also includes calculation of preliminary design of slabs, beams, column, truss and other
structural components. It also includes idealization of loads and load assessments with
load combinations.

Chapter 5: Idealization and Analysis of Structure

This chapter includes the details of idealization of structure and idealization of load for
modeling in computer. It comprises the analysis result obtained from SAP2000 analysis
and the tabular presentation of stored drift calculation and check of columns for sway
and no-sway case. Critical responses are also tabulated.
Chapter 6: Design and Detailing
It deals with the earthquake resistance design of beams, columns, slabs and footings
considering limit state of collapse and serviceability. Design is further influenced by the
use of codes pertinent to earthquake resistant design of building structures. Manual
design of structural elements is done from the analysis results of SAP2000 using IS
456:2000 and compared with the design given by SAP2000. However, consideration for
earthquake resistant design is incorporated in manual design with reference to IS 1893
(part 1):2002 with ductile detailing rules governed by IS 13920:2002. Detailing of
structures with ordinary detailing rules for area elements and ductile detailing for linear
elements is done conforming to IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:2002 respectively.
Chapter 7: Drawings
Drawing includes architectural drawing of the building and the structural drawings with
correct detailing as stated in the assignment
 Study of Architectural Drawing

Preliminary Size of structural Member

Manual Calculation SAP Model Analysis

Fundamental Incorrect

Time Period

Correct

Load Calculation

Design of Structural Member

Check For shear, development length, Reinforcement, and others

Figure : Flowchart Showing Method of Design

Thank You