SOFTWARE

SECURITY
EXCEPTIONAL HANDLING
Outlines

• Types of errors
• Exceptions
• Handling exceptions
• Raise statement
• Some common exceptions

2
 ERRORS

Error is a abnormal condition whenever it occurs, the

execution of the program is stopped.

An error is a term used to describe any issue that

arises unexpectedly that causes a computer to not
function properly.

Computers can encounter either software errors or

hardware errors.
 ERRORS

Errors are mainly classified into following types.

1. Syntax Errors
2. Semantic Errors
3. Run Time Errors
4. Logical Errors
 w ro ng
iting is
Wr 1. Syntax Errors
There
is no
outpu
t yet

Syntax errors refer to formal rules governing the

construction of valid statements in a language.

Syntax errors occur when rules of a programming

language are misused i.e., when a grammatical rule
of the language is violated.
 w ro ng
iting is
Wr 1. Syntax Errors
There
is no
outpu
t yet
For instance in the following program segment,
def main()
a=10
b=3
print(“ Sum is “, a+b ) Missing
 g is
Writin 2. Semantic Errors
correct There
is no
outpu
Semantic errors occur when statements are not t yet
meaningful.
Semantics refers to the set of rules which give the
meaning of the statement.

For example,
Rama plays Guitar
This statement is syntactically and semantically
correct and it has some meaning.
 g is
Writin 2. Semantic Errors
correct There
is no
outpu
See the following statement, t yet

Guitar plays Rama

is syntactically correct (syntax is correct) but
semantically incorrect. Similarly, there are
semantics rules of programming language,
violation of which results in semantical errors.
a×b=z
will result in a semantical error as an expression
can not come on the left side of an assignment
statement.
 ron g
Referen
ce i s w 3. Run Time Errors
There
is no
outpu
t yet
• A Run time error occurs during execution of the
program. It is caused because of some illegal operation
taking place.

For example
1. If a program is trying to open a file which does not
exist or it could not be opened (meaning file is corrupted),
results into an error execution.
2. An expression is trying to divide a number by zero
are RUN TIME ERRORS.
 is w r ong 4. Logical Errors
t
Outpu
At ou
tput
le vel
A logical error is that error which causes a program
to produce an incorrect or undesired output.

for instance,
ctr=1;
while(ctr<10):
print(n *ctr)
EXCEPTIONS
 Exceptions

What is an exception?

Even if a statement or expression is

syntactically correct, it may cause an error
when an attempt is made to execute it.

Errors detected during execution are

called exceptions
 Exceptions

For Example
HANDLING EXCEPTIONS
 Handling Exceptions

• It is possible to write programs that handle

selected exceptions.

For Example
 Handling Exceptions

The try statement works as follows.

First, the try clause (the statement(s) between the try

and except keywords) is executed.

If no exception occurs, the except clause is skipped

and execution of the try statement is finished.
 Handling Exceptions

The try statement works as follows.

If an exception occurs during execution of the try

clause, the rest of the clause is skipped.

Then if its type matches the exception named after

the except keyword, the except clause is executed, and
then execution continues after the try statement.
 Handling Exceptions

The try statement works as follows.

If its type does not match the exception named in the
except clause, it is passed on to outer try statement;
if no handler is found, it is an unhandled exception
and execution stops.
The except Clause with No Exceptions
 The except Clause with No Exceptions

You can also use the except statement with no

exceptions defined as follows:
try:
You do your operations here;
except:
If there is any exception, then execute this
block…..
else:
If there is no exception then execute this block.
The except Clause with No Exceptions

This kind of a try-except statement catches all

the exceptions that occur.

Using this kind of try-except statement is not

considered a good programming practice though,
because it catches all exceptions but does not make
the programmer identify the root cause of the
problem that may occur.
RAISE STATEMENT
 Raise statement

You can raise an exception in your

own program by using the raise
exception.

Raising an exception breaks current

code execution and returns the exception
back until it is handled.
Syntax:

raise [expression1[, expression2]]

 Raise statement - Example

def check_age(age):
if age < 0: In this example, the check_age function
raises a ValueError if the given age is
raise ValueError(“Age cannot be negative”)
negative or less than 18. The try-except
elif age < 18: block catches this error and prints the
raise ValueError(“Must be at least 18 years old”) error message.
else:
print(“Age is valid”)
The code extracts try: check_age(-5) is
using a try block in Python to attempt to
try: execute the check_age(-5) function call
check_age(-5) within the block.
except ValueError as e: If any exceptions occur during the
print("Error occurred:", e) execution of this function call, they will
be caught by an associated except block to
handle the error.
SOME COMMON EXCEPTIONS
 Some common exceptions

IOError
If the file cannot be opened.

ImportError
If python cannot find the module.

ValueError
Raised when a built-in operation or function receives
an argument that has the right type but an
inappropriate value.
 Some common exceptions

KeyboardInterrupt
Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally
Control-C or Delete).

EOFError
Raised when one of the built-in functions (input() or
raw_input()) hits an end-of-file condition (EOF)
without reading any data
1. Explain the types of errors.

2. What is an exception? Explain in detail

3. What is raise? explain in detail.

4. Explain some of the common built in

exceptions provided in python.
 CLASS TEST

2.
Exceptions are errors detected during execution.
When an exception occurs, the program execution is interrupted, and the
control is transferred to an exception handler.