Week 03
Week 03
Week 03
Systems:
Internals Week-3
and Design
Principles Operating System
Overview
Operating Systems:
Internals and Design Principles
Operating systems are those programs that interface the machine with
the applications programs. The main function of these systems is to
dynamically allocate the shared system resources to the executing
programs. As such, research in this area is clearly concerned with
the management and scheduling of memory, processes, and other
devices. But the interface with adjacent levels continues to shift with
time. Functions that were originally part of the operating system have
migrated to the hardware. On the other side, programmed functions
extraneous to the problems being solved by the application programs
are included in the operating system.
Program development
Program execution
Access I/O devices
Controlled access to files
System access
Error detection and response
Accounting
Key Interfaces
Instruction set architecture (ISA)
Application binary interface (ABI)
Application programming interface (API)
The Role of an OS
A computeris a set of resources for the
movement, storage, and processing of
data
TheOS is responsible for managing these
resources
Operating System
as Software
Functions
in the same way as ordinary
computer software
Program, or suite of programs, executed by
the processor
Frequentlyrelinquishes control and must
depend on the processor to allow it to regain
control
Operating
System
as
Resource
Manager
Evolution of Operating
Systems
A major OS will evolve over time for a
number of reasons:
Hardware upgrades
New services
Fixes
Evolution of
Operating Systems
Stages include:
Time
Sharing
Multiprogrammed Systems
Batch Systems
Simple Batch
Systems
Serial
Processing
Serial Processing
Earliest Computers: Problems:
Scheduling:
No operating system most installations used a
programmers interacted hardcopy sign-up sheet to
directly with the computer reserve computer time
hardware time allocations could
Computers ran from a console run short or long,
with display lights, toggle resulting in wasted
switches, some form of input computer time
device, and a printer Setup time
Users have access to the computer a considerable amount of time
in “series” was spent just on setting up the
program to run
Simple Batch Systems
• while the user program is executing, it must not alter the memory area containing
the monitor
Timer
Privileged instructions
Interrupts
Multiprogramming
also known as multitasking
memory is expanded to hold three, four, or more programs and
switch among all of them
Multiprogramming Example
Utilization Histograms
Time-Sharing Systems
Can be used to handle multiple interactive jobs
Processor time is shared among multiple users
Multipleusers simultaneously access the system
through terminals, with the OS interleaving the
execution of each user program in a short burst or
quantum of computation
Compatible Time-Sharing
Systems
CTSS Time Slicing
One of the first time-sharing System clock generates interrupts at a
operating systems rate of approximately one every 0.2
seconds
Developed at MIT by a group known At each interrupt OS regained control
as Project MAC and could assign processor to another
user
Ran on a computer with 32,000 36-
bit words of main memory, with the At regular time intervals the current
resident monitor consuming 5000 of user would be preempted and another
user loaded in
that
Old user programs and data were
To simplify both the monitor and written out to disk
memory management a program was
always loaded to start at the location
Old user program code and data were
restored in main memory when that
of the 5000th word
program was next given a turn
CTSS Operation
Major Advances
Operating Systems are among the most complex
pieces of software ever developed
Major advances in
development include:
• Processes
• Memory management
• Information protection and security
• Scheduling and resource
management
• System structure
Process
Fundamental to the structure of operating systems
a program in execution
an instance of a running program
the entity that can be assigned to, and executed on, a processor
time sharing
• be responsive to the individual user but be able to support many users
simultaneously
automatic support of
process protection and long-term
allocation and modular
isolation access control storage
management programming
Virtual Memory
A facilitythat allows programs to address
memory from a logical point of view, without
regard to the amount of main memory physically
available
Conceived to meet the requirement of having
multiple user jobs reside in main memory
concurrently
Paging
Allows processes to be comprised of a number of fixed-size
blocks, called pages
Program references a word by means of a virtual address
consists of a page number and an offset within the page
each page may be located anywhere in main memory
Provides for a dynamic mapping between the virtual
address used in the program and a real (or physical) address
in main memory
Virtual
Memory
Virtual Memory
Addressing
Key Elements of an
Operating System
Different Architectural
Approaches
Demands on operating systems require new
ways of organizing the OS
• Microkernel architecture
• Multithreading
• Symmetric multiprocessing
• Distributed operating systems
• Object-oriented design
Microkernel Architecture
Assigns only a few essential functions to the
kernel:
interprocess
address basic
communication
spaces scheduling
(IPC)
The approach:
is well suited to a
simplifies provides
distributed
implementation flexibility
environment
Multithreading
Technique in which a process, executing an application, is
divided into threads that can run concurrently
Thread
• dispatchable unit of work
• includes a processor context and its own data area to enable subroutine branching
• executes sequentially and is interruptible
Process
• a collection of one or more threads and associated system resources
• programmer has greater control over the modularity of the application and the
timing of application related events
Virtual Machines and
Virtualization
Virtualization
enables a single PC or server to simultaneously run multiple
operating systems or multiple sessions of a single OS
a machine can host numerous applications, including those
that run on different operating systems, on a single platform
host operating system can support a number
of virtual machines (VM)
each has the characteristics of a particular OS
and, in some versions of virtualization, the
characteristics of a particular hardware platform
Virtual Machine
Architecture
Process perspective:
• the machine on which it executes consists of the virtual memory space assigned to
the process
• the processor registers it may use
• the user-level machine instructions it may execute
• OS system calls it may invoke for I/O
• ABI defines the machine as seen by a process
Application perspective:
• machine characteristics are specified by high-level language capabilities and OS
system library calls
• API defines the machine for an application
OS perspective:
• processes share a file system and other I/O resources
• system allocates real memory and I/O resources to the processes
• ISA provides the interface between the system and machine
Multicore OS
Considerations
The design challenge for a
many-core multicore system is
to efficiently harness the hardware parallelism within each
multicore processing power and core processor, known as
intelligently manage the instruction level parallelism
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