MTH 122

ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS II (CALCULUS)

 Implicit Differentiation
So far, all the equations and functions we looked at were
all stated explicitly in terms of one variable:

y  3x  5 s  16t 2  30t

In this function, y is defined explicitly in terms

1
y of x. If we re-write it as xy = 1, y is now defined
implicitly in terms of x.
x
It is easy to find the derivative of an explicit function, but
what about:
x  4 y  3y  y  5
3 2
 Implicit differentiation
• Implicit differentiation is a technique used
for finding derivatives of curves that are
not necessarily functions.
 This is not a function,
but it would still be
x2  y 2  1 nice to be able to find
the slope.

d 2 d 2 d
( x )  ( y )  (1) Do the same thing to both sides.
dx dx dx
Note use of chain rule.
dy
2x  2 y 0 dy 2 x
dx 
dx 2 y
dy
2y  2 x dy x
dx 
dx y

 2 y  x 2  sin y This can’t be solved for y.

d d 2 d
(2 y )  ( x )  (sin y ) dy 2x
dx dx dx 
dx 2  cos y

dy dy
2  2 x  cos y
dx dx
This technique is called
dy dy implicit differentiation.
2  cos y  2x
dx dx
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
dy
 2  cos y   2 x 2 Solve for
dy
.
dx dx 
 Find dy/dx if: 3 x  5 xy  4 y  8
2 2 3

Product
Rule! d d d d
(3x )  (5xy )  (4 y ) 
2 2 3
(8)
dx dx dx dx

dy 2 dy
6 x  10 xy  5 y  12 y
2
0
dx dx
dy
dx
10 xy  12 y 2
  6 x  5 y 2

dy 6x  5 y 2

dx 10 xy  12 y 2 
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve x 2  xy  y 2  7 at (1, 2) .

We need the slope. Since we can’t solve for y, we use

dy
implicit differentiation to solve for .
dx
x 2  xy  y 2  7 Note product rule. dy y  2x

 dy  dy dx 2 y  x
2x   x  y  2 y 0
 dx  dx
dy
2x  x  y  2 y
dy
0 2  2  1 2  2 4
dx dx m  
2  2   1 4  1 5
dy
2 y  x   y  2x
dx 
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve x 2  xy  y 2  7 at (1, 2) . Normal line is
perpendicular
to tangent
4
m tangent: normal:
5
4 5
y  2   x  1 y  2    x  1
5 4

4 4 5 5
y2 x y2  x
5 5 4 4

4 14 5 3
y  x y  x
5 5 4 4

Homework. Differentiate the following:

1. x  xy  10
2

2. x  2 xy  y  2 y
2

3. x  3 xy  2 y  17
3 3

4. 3 x  2 xy  y  2
2 2
Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions

Next slide
 What you’ll learn about

 Derivative of ex
 Derivative of ax
 Derivative of ln x
 Derivative of loga x
 Extending the Power Rule to arbitrary
real powers
 Logarithmic differentiation
What is an Exponential function?

Notice x3 is NOT the same as 3x

A function of the type 3x in which

the variable is the index, is called
an Exponential Function.

Next slide
The Natural Exponential Function

y=ex
We are now going
to be introduced to 8

7
y

a special 6

exponential
5

function y=ex, 3

where e=2.71828.
2

-6 -4 -2 2 4 6

Next slide
 Now we attempt to find a general formula for the
derivative of y  e using the limit definition.
x

d x e xh  e x
dx
 e   lim
h 0 h  eh  1 
NOTE: lim   1
e x  eh  e x
h 0
 h 
 lim
h 0 h

 x eh  1 
 lim  e  
h 0
 h   e x 1
 e h
1 
 e  lim 
x
h 0 h
  ex
 

d x
dx
 
e e x


 2x
d (e )
Find
dx

Let m =2x y=e m

dm dy
2  em  e2 x
dx dm

dy dy dm
  e  2  2e
2x 2x

dx dm dx
Next slide
 2x
d (4e )
Find
dx

Let m =2x y=4e m

dm dy
2  4e m  4e 2 x
dx dm

dy dy dm
  4e 2  8e
2x 2x

dx dm dx
Next slide
 cos x dy
If y=e . Find .
dx

Let u= cos x u
y=e
du
= -sinx dy u cosx
dx =e =e
du

dy dy du cosx cosx
= =e (-sinx)=-e sinx
dx du dx

Next slide
 Differentiation of Exponential
Functions

Derivative of Exponential Function

d x
e   e x
dx  
Chain Rule for Exponential Functions
If f (x) is a differentiable function, then
d
e f ( x )   e f ( x )  f ( x)
dx  
 Examples
3 5 x
Find the derivative of f ( x )  e .
35 x d
f ( x)  e 3  5 x 
dx
 5e35 x
4 4x
Find the derivative of f ( x )  x e .
d 4x 4x d
f ( x)  x4
(e )  e ( x4 )
dx dx
 4 x 4 e 4 x  4 x 3e 4 x

 4 x3e 4 x  x  1
Differentiate the following for Homework
1. y=e-x
tanx
2. y=e
x2
3. y=e
x2
4. y= 3x
e
5. y=(2+4e2x )2
1
5. y= 4x
e
e2t
6. y= t2 .
e
Next slide
Natural Logarithmic
Functions
5 y

1
x

−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

−1

−2

−3

−4
Next Slide
−5
 Aim of Lesson

To discover, what is meant

by the Natural Logarithmic
Function and to see how to
differentiate functions that
involve this function.

Next Slide
 ln x
Logarithms to base e are called Natural Logarithms.

The Natural Logarithmic Function log e x is written as lnx.

y
If log e x=y, then e =x.
So the Exponential Function and the
Natural Logarithmic Function are inverses.
Next Slide
 Normal Log rules apply to ln

ln ab=ln a+ln b
a b
ln =ln a-ln b
b
ln a =b ln a

Next Slide
 d 1
To prove (lnx) =
dx x
Let y = lnx
x = e y (Definition of ln)

dx dy 1
e y

dy dx x
dy 1 d 1
 y  (ln x) 
dx e dx x
 2 dy
If y =ln(x +2x+7), what is ?
dx

Let u =x 2  2 x  7 y= ln u
du dy 1 1
 2x  2 =  2
dx du u x  2 x  7

dy dy du 1 2x  2
  2 .2 x  2  2
dx du dx x  2 x  7 x  2x  7
Next Slide
 dy
If y =ln(sin x), what is ?
dx

Let u=sin x y=ln u

du dy 1 1
=cos x = =
dx du u sin x

dy dy du 1
= = .cos x=cot x
dx du dx sin x
Next Slide
  x2 
Differentiate log e  2  .
 x 1 
 x2   x2 
log e  2   ln  2  du 2 x3  2 x  2 x3 2x
 x 1   x 1    2 2
dx ( x  1)
2 2
( x  1)
 x2  y=ln u
u  2 
 x 1  dy 1 1 x2  1
   2
du ( x 2  1)(2 x)  ( x 2 )(2 x) du u  x  2
x
  2 
dx ( x 2  1)2  x 1 

dy dy du x 2 +1 2x 2
= =. 2 2 2 = 3
dx du dx x (x +1) x +x
Next Slide
 x
Show that the slope of the tangent to the curve y=ln
x 1
1
at the point, where x=1 is .
2

x
Let m= y=ln m
x+1
dm (x+1)(1)-(x)1 x+1-x 1 dy 1 x+1
dx
=
(x+1)2
= =
(x+1)2 (x+1)2 = =
dm m x
dy dy dm x+1 1 1
= = . 2
=
dx dm dx x (x+1) x(x+1)
dy 1
At x=1 = =the slope of the tangent at x=1.
dx 2
Next Slide
 Differentiation of Natural Logarithmic
Functions

Derivative of Logarithmic Function

d 1
ln x    x  0
dx x

Chain Rule for Logarithmic Functions

If f (x) is a differentiable function, then
d f ( x)
ln f ( x)   f ( x)  0
dx f ( x)
 Examples
 2

Find the derivative of f ( x)  ln 2 x  1 .
d  2 
 2 x  1 4x
f ( x)  dx  2
2
2x 1 2x 1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of
f ( x)  2 x  ln x at 1, 2 .
1
f ( x)  2 
x
Slope: f (1)  3
y  2  3( x  1)
Equation:
y  3x  1
 Example Derivative of ln x
dy
Find if y  ln 3 x 2 
dx

dy 1 d
 2
dx 3 x dx
 3 x 2

1
 2 6 x 
3x
6x 2
 2
3x x
Homework. Differentiate the
following:
1. ln (x+2)2
2. ln (sin 2x)
1+x
3. ln
1-x
4. ln (x 2 e x )
5. ln (x 3 e -3x )
ln x 3
6.
x3
Next Slide
Higher Order Derivatives

Next slide
 Aim of Lesson

To introduce the concept of

Higher order Derivatives.

Next slide
Higher order derivatives
Higher order derivatives
Higher order derivatives
Higher order derivatives
Higher order derivatives
 Class Activity
2
d y 1
Find 2
if y  .
dx x
1
yx
dy
=  x 2
dx

2
d y 3
d2y 2
=2x or 2
= 3
dx 2 dx x
If y=x  3 x  4 x  5
3 2

dy
 3x  6 x  4
2

dx
2
d y
2
 6x  6
dx
If y=sin x
dy
 cos x
dx

d2y
2
  sin x
dx
 2 2
d y  dy 
Note 2
 
dx  dx 
2
For example if y=4x +6x
dy
=8x+6
dx
2
 dy 
   
2 2
= 8x+6 =64x +96x+36
 dx 
2
d y d  dy 
2
=  = 8
dx dx  dx 
 Homework
d2 y
Find 2
of the following.
dx
1. y=2x 3  6 x  8
2. y=7x 4  3 x 3  x
d2y
3. y  e x  2e x 7. Find 2 if 2 x 3  3 y 2  7 .
dx
4 y=sinx+cosx
3x
5. y= 2
x
d2y
6. If y=a +sin  , find .
d 2
Parametric Functions
 Aim of Lesson

To establish what is a set of

Parametric Functions and how
to differentiate them.
What is a Parametric Function?

• If x = f (t) and y = g (t) , such that x and y

are both expressed in terms of a third
variable say t.
• Then t is called the Parameter.
• Note t could be replaced by any other
variable, for example .
• Example: x = 3t and y = t2
 dy
If x = 3t and y = t Find 2.
10 y
dx

dx dy
3  2t
dt dt 5

Eq ua tio n 1 : x=2 t, y =t ²

dy dy dt

dx dt dx –6 –4 –2 2 4
x

dx dt 1
Because  3, then 
dt dx 3
dy 1
 2t.
dx 3 dy 2t

dx 3
 dy
Homework. Calculate in each case.
dx

1. x  e , y  e
t -t

2. x  t  2, y  t
2 3

3. x  1  3 sin  , y  sin 2

 e t
 1 e  t
4. x  ln   , y  ln  t 
1 e
t
  e 