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    Basic Chemistry

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    gulfengsolutions

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Basic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    gulfengsolutions
    11 views34 pages

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    11 views34 pages

    Basic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    gulfengsolutions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    A TUV ISO

    9001:2000
    Certified Company

    FUNDAMENTALS
    FUNDAMENTALS
    OF
    OF
    WATER
    WATER
    CHEMISTRY
    CHEMISTRY
    CELAR Water Equipment Company LLC, Unit 602 Khalid Al Attar Tower, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai United Arab Emirates
    Telephone: +9714 331 4322 Fax: +9714 331 3899 E-mail: celar777@emirates.net.ae/celardxb@emirates.net.ae
    Water Parameters Expressed in
    terms of CaCO3

    • FORTUNATE CHOICE BECAUSE MOLECULAR


    WEIGHT OF CaCO3 IS 100 AND ITS EQUIVALENT
    WEIGHT IS 50

    • IT PROVIDES A CONVENIENT UNIT OF


    EXPRESSING ALL IONS IN WATER RATHERTHAN
    SHOWING EACH WITH ITS OWN EQUIVALENT
    WEIGHT
    Equivalents of CaCO3
    Equivalent Multiplication factor
    Formula Mol Wt Weight to

    get CaCO3 equivalent


    CaCO3 100.08 50.1 1
    Ca(HCO3)2 162.1 81.1 0.62

    Mg 24.3 12.2 4.1


    SiO2 60.1 30 1.67

    Fe++ 55.8 27.9 1.79

    Fe+++ 55.8 18.6 2.69

    Cl- 35.5 35.5 1.41


    SO4 96.1 48 1.04
    Concentrations
    • Percentage : No of parts in 100 parts
    • PPM : No of parts in million parts
    • PPB : No of parts in billion parts

    Million :10,00,000 or 106 or 10 Lac


    Billion : 100,00,00,000 or 109 or 100 crore
    1 % solution : 10000 ppm solution.
    Dilution Calculation

    • V1N1 = V2N2
    • 1 m3 = 1000 lit = 1 KL=1MT=1000 Kg (water)
    • 1milligram / lit or Kg = 1 ppm
    • 1 Kg / 1000 MT or 1000 m3 = 1 ppm
    • Kg product / Volume M3 x 1000 = ppm
    • ppm / 1000 x volume m3 = Kg product
    • Kg product /Sp..Gravity = Liter of product.
    Conversion Factors
    • Weight • Volume
    1pound(lb)=16ounces 1 U S gallon= 231 cubic inches
    =7000grains = 0.1335 cubic foot
    =454grams = 8.34 pounds water
    1ounces =0.0625pounds =0.833 imperial
    =28.35grams gallon
    1grain =64.8milligrams =3785cubic centimeters
    (ml)
    =0.0021onces 1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
    1gram =1000milligrams = 62.4 pounds water
    =0.03527onces
    =15.43grains
    Conversion Factors
    • 1 grain per gallon = 17.1 parts per million
    = 143pounds per million gallons
    =0.143 pounds per thousand gallons
    • 1 parts per million = 0.06grains per gallon
    = 1 pound per120.0gallon (approx)
    = 0.0083 pounds per thousand gallons
    ppm x 0.06 = grains per gallons
    grains per gallons x 17.1 = ppm
    o
    C =5/9 (oF – 32), o
    F = 9/5 (oC + 32)
    Conversion Factors
    English Units Multiplied by Equals to Metric Units
    Cubic feet 28.32 Liters
    Cubic feet/second 1.7 cubic meter /minute
    Feet 30.48 centimeter
    Feet /second 0.305 meter/second
    Gallons 3.785 Liters
    Gallons/minutes 5.45 cubic meter /day
    inches 2.54 centimeter
    Mils(0.001 in) 25.4 Microns(10-6)
    Miles (mi) 1.61 Kilometer (km)
    Ounces (fluids) 29.6 Milliliter (ml)
    Pounds lb) 0.454 Kilograms (kg)

    Pounds per square inch 0.0703 Kg/cm2


    Square feet 0.093 Square meter
    Square inches 6.452 Square centimeter
    Yards 0.9144 Meter.
    The Hydrological Cycle
    Water
    Water is color less, tasteless and odorless,
    transparent liquid at ambient temperature.
    3/4 of the earth’s surface is covered by water,
    essential for supporting life on earth. It is also
    one of the most important raw material of
    industry.
    Water is plentiful, readily available & inexpensive,
    easily handled, can carry large amount of heat.
    SOURCE OF WATER
    Three source of water is available.
    1.Surface water (river, lake, pond).
    Lower in TDS.
    Higher in TSS.
    Quality changes quickly with season.
    2.Ground water (well, bore well).
    Lower in TSS.
    Higher in iron & manganese & TDS
    Relatively constant quality.
    3. Sea water
    High chlorides & salt
    Highly corrosive.
    Water Distribution

    Amount of water on the Earth

    Kind of water Amount (106 km3) Distribution ratio (%)

    Sea water 1,338 96.53

    Fresh water 35.03 2.53

    Others 12.97 0.94

    1,386 100
    Rain is water in its purest natural form. This natural
    purity is short lived however, because as it starts
    falling becomes contaminated with three types of
    impurities.
    Water Water Water

    AIR MINERALS EARTH

    Water + oxygen, Water + clay, silt, sand


    CO2,CO Water + Ca, Mg, Na etc
    Fe etc

    Dissolved Gases Suspended Solids


    Dissolved Solids
    Impurities in Water

    • Suspended solids
    • Dissolved solids
    • Dissolved Gases
    • Color & Taste
    Suspended Solids
    • Clay
    • Silt
    • Dirt
    • Oil
    • Decayed vegetation
    • Bacteria
    • Algae

    • Measured as TSS or Turbidity


    Unit : NTU (nephelometer turbidity unit)
    Dissolved Solids
    Includes dissolved minerals
    • Hardness ( Ca & Mg salts)
    • Sodium salts
    • Iron salts
    • Manganese
    • Silica
    • Aluminum salts
    Most common dissolved solids

    found in raw water


    • Calcium Silica
    bicarbonate [Ca(HCO3)2] oxide(SiO2)
    sulphate (CaSO4)
    • Magnesium Iron
    bicarbonate [Mg(HCO3)2] bicarbonate [Fe(HCO3)2]

    sulphate (MgSO4) hydroxide Fe(OH)3


    • Sodium
    bicarbonate NaHCO3 Fe++ (ferrous) -- soluble
    sulphate Na2SO4) Fe+++ (ferric) -- insoluble
    Chloride NaCl
    Dissolved Gases
    • Oxygen
    • Carbon dioxides
    • Ammonia

    Solubility of gases is inversely proportional


    to temperature.
    Taste & Odor

    Taste & Odor are due to dissolved organic &


    in organic substances.

    Usually removed by Activated Carbon Filter


    Important Chemical
    Properties of Water

    • TDS /Conductivity
    • Hardness
    • pH
    • Alkalinity
    Conductivity
    • A measure of how well water will conduct
    electric current
    • Conductivity is an indirect measurement of
    Total Dissolved Solids.

    Unit :
    TDS : ppm
    Conductivity : Micro siemens or Mili siemens
    Hardness
    Salts of Calcium & Magnesium
    Measured by titration against 0.02N EDTA
    Cause scaling
    HCO3 of Ca & Mg
    Carbonate hardness
    Temporary hardness
    SO4--,NO3 of Ca & Mg
    Non Carbonate hardness
    Permanent hardness
    pH
    pH = - log ( H +)

    A scale to measure H+ or OH-

    At 7 pH
    H+ = OH-
    Alkalinity
    • Capacity to neutralize acidity.
    • CO2, HCO3, CO3, & OH
    • Measured by titration against Sulphuric
    Acid.
    • M or Total alkalinity
    • P alkalinity
    • OH alkalinity
    Alkalinity
    • M or Total alkalinity – HCO3+CO3+OH
    • P alkalinity – pH > 8.3 - OH + 0.5 CO3
    • OH becomes measurable above 9.6 pH
    • pH < 4.4 mineral acid is present,CO2 tries to escape.
    • pH between 4.4 – 8.3 equilibrium exists between
    carbonates & CO2
    • pH between 8.3 – 9.6 equilibrium exists between
    bicarbonates & CO3
    • Above pH 9.6 equilibrium exists between carbonates &
    OH
    Alkalinity

    pH > 9.6
    2P – M = OH
    pH 8.2 – 9.6
    2P = CO3
    M – 2P = HCO3
    Caustic Alkalinity Vs pH
    OH mg/L as CACO3 pH
    2-3 9.7
    4 -5 10.0
    6 -7 10.1
    8–9 10.2
    10 – 11 10.3
    12 – 13 10.4
    14 – 16 10.5
    17 – 20 10.6
    21 – 25 10.7
    26 – 30 10.8
    31 – 40 10.9
    41 – 50 11.0
    Caustic Alkalinity Vs pH
    OH mg/L as CACO3 pH
    1 9.6

    5 10.0

    50 11.0

    500 12

    5000 13
    Flow / Velocity Calculation

    • Flow volume =Area of cross section x velocity


    • Velocity = Flow volume / Area of cross section
    Problems
    How many Kgs are required to make 2 m3
    of a 1% solution of product ?

    If the product weight 1.02 kg/lit , how many


    liters of the product is needed
    When the level gets down to 0.6 m3, you
    want to refill the tank to 2 m3,How many lit
    of the product should be added.
    Calculations
    • 1 % solution = 10000ppm
    • Volume = 2m3
    Volume m3 x ppm

    • Kg Product =
    1000

    = 2 x10000 /1000
    = 20 kg
    Calculations

    • Product weight =1.02/liter (Sp gravity)


    • Liter of product = Kg product /Sp gravity
    = 20 kg /1.02
    = 19.6078 liters
    Calculations
    • Total volume = 2 m3
    • Level came down = 0.6 m3
    • Volume required to fill up to 2 m3 =
    2 m3 – 0.6 m3 = 1.4 m3
    • Required concentration = 1 %
    • Product required =1.4 m3 x10000/1000
    = 14 kg
    = 14 kg/1.02
    = 13.725 liter
    A TUV ISO
    9001:2000
    Certified Company

    THANK YOU

    CELAR Water Equipment Company LLC, Unit 602 Khalid Al Attar Tower, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai United Arab Emirates
    Telephone: +9714 331 4322 Fax: +9714 331 3899 E-mail: celar777@emirates.net.ae/celardxb@emirates.net.ae

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