KIMIA DASAR

• Dr. Ir. Endah Mutiara M.P, MSi

• Departemen Kimia – FIA – ITS
• Kampus ITS – Sukolilo – Surabaya
• E-mail : mutiara@chem.its.ac.id &
endah_mutiara@hotmail.com
• No HP/WA : +62816505743
 Atom, Molekul dan Ion

B A B – 1 (CHAPTER 2)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Teori Atom Dalton (1808)
1. Elemen yang merupakan partikel yg terkecil disebut
atom.
2. Semua atom dalam elemen adalah identik, mempunyai
ukuran yg sama, masa dan partikel kimia. Atom dari satu
elemen berbeda dengan atom lainnya.
3. Senyawa tersusun atas satu jenis atom atau beberapa
atom. Dalam suatu senyawa, perbandingan jumlah
tertentu dalam perbandingan dalam fraksi tertentu.
4. Suatu reaksi kimia terjadi tdk hanya pemisahan,
kombinasi, atau penataan ulang atom, tdk termasuk hasil
kreasi dan destruksi.

2.1
Teori Atom Dalton

2.1
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y

2.1
J.J. Thomson measured the mass to charge ratio of the electron.
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
Cathode Ray Tube

2.2
 Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in
Physics)
An X-ray beam
dislodges an electron
from air molecules
which becomes
attached to an oil
droplet.

e– charge = –1.60 x 10–19 C

Thomson’s charge/mass of e– = –1.76 x 108 C/g

e– mass = 9.10 x 10–28 g 2.2

(Uranium compound)
2.2
2.2
 (1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)

 particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

(~5% speed of light)

1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g)
2.2
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
 Model atom Rutherford

Jari-jari atom ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10–10 m

Jarak inti ~ 5 x 10–3 pm = 5 x 10–15 m

2.2
 Percobaan Chadwick’s (1932)
(1935 Noble Prize in Physics for discovery of neutron)

Atom H mempunyai 1 p;
Atom He mempunyai 2 p
Masa He/masa H = 2
Pengukuran masa He/masa H = 4
 + 9Be 1
n + 12C + energy

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)

n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10–24 g
2.2
mass p ~ mass n = 1840 x mass e–
2.2
 Nomor atom, Nomor massa dan Isotop
Nomor atom (Z) = jumlah proton pd inti atom.
Nomor massa (A) = jumlah proton + jumlah neutron.
Isotop adalah atom dalam elemen yg sama (sama jumlah
protonnya) tetapi beda jumlah neutron dalam inti atom.

Nomor masa A
ZX
Simbol Elemen
Nomor Atom

12 13 14
6C 6C 6C

235 238
92 U 92 U
2.3
 Isotop Hydrogen

Protium Deuterium Tritium

(radioactive)

2.3
 Tugas

14
Berapa jumlah proton, neutron, dan elektron 6C ?

6 proton, 14 – 6 = 8 neutrons, 6 electron

11
Brp jumlah proton, neutron, dan elektron pada 6C ?

6 proton, 11 – 6 = 5 neutrons, 6 electron

2.3
 Noble Gas
2.4

Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
Molekul adalah perpaduan dari dua atau lebih atom dlm
perpaduan bersama secara ikatan kovalen.

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

Molekul diatomik mengandung 2 atom

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

Molekul polyatomik mengandung lebih dari 2 atom

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4

2.5
ion adalah atom atau group atom yg mempunyai
muatan positif atau negatif.
Kation: ion dg muatan positif
• Jika atom netral kehilangan satu atau lebih
elektron menjadi kation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na +
10 electrons

Anion: ion dg muatan negatif

• Jika atom netral menerima satu atau lbh
elektron akan menjadi anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl -
18 electrons
2.5
Ion monatomik mengandung hanya satu
atom.
Na+, Cl–, Ca2+, O2–, Al3+, N3–

Ion polyatomik mengandung lbh dr 1 atom.

OH–, CN–, NH4+, NO3–

2.5
 Contoh

27 3+
Brp jumlah proton dan elektron dlm 13 Al ?

13 proton, 13 – 3 = 10 electron

78 2–
Brp jumlah proton and electron dlm 34Se ?

34 proton, 34 + 2 = 36 electron

2.5
Common Monatomic Cations

2.5
2.6
Rumus molekul menunjukkan jumlah atom
secara nyata jumlah atom dalam molekul.

Rumus empiris smenunjukkan perbandingan

secara simpel dalam suatu senyawa.

Rumus molekul Rumus empiris

H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
2.6
Senyawa ionik terdiri atas kombinasi kation dan
anion.
• Formulanya mempunyai rumus formula yg sama
• Jumlah muatan kation dan anion dalam formula hrs nol

Senyawa ionik NaCl. Na+ : Cl– = 1 : 1

2.6
Formula dlm Senyawa Ionik
2 x +3 = +6 3 x –2 = –6

Al2O3
Al3+ O2–

1 x +2 = +2 2 x –1 = –2

CaBr2
Ca2+ Br –

2 x +1 = +2 1 x –2 = –2

Na2CO3
Na+ CO32–
2.6
Monatomic negative ion names end in “ide.”

2.7
2.7
 Chemical Nomenclature
Ionic Compounds
• often a metal + nonmetal

BaCl2 barium chloride

K2O potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

KNO3 potassium nitrate

2.7
 Transition metal ionic compounds
• Indicate the charge on the metal with Roman
numerals (the Stock naming system).
• Common names use the “ic” and “ous” endings.

FeCl2 2 Cl– = –2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

(ferrous chloride)

FeCl3 3 Cl– = –3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

(ferric chloride)

Cr2S3 3 S–2 = –6 so Cr is +3 chromium(III) sulfide

2.7
 Molecular compounds

• Made of nonmetals or nonmetals +

metalloids.
• Use common names for these:
H2O, NH3, CH4
• The element further left in periodic table is
first.
• The element closest to bottom of group is
first.
• If more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use the prefixes to
indicate the number of each kind of atom to
specify the compound.
• The last element ends in “ide.”

2.7
 Molecular Compounds

HI hydrogen iodide

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide (Laughing Gas)

2.7
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
• Pure substance, hydrogen chloride, HCl (g).
• Dissolve in water yields H+ and Cl– ions,
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).

An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,

oxygen, and another element.
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid
HNO3 2.7
2.7
2.7
A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in water.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

2.7
 Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
number of water molecules attached to them.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate

LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate

MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4

2.7
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
deals with carbon compounds
Functional Groups
H H H O

H C OH H C NH2 H C C OH

H H H
methanol methylamine acetic acid

2.7