Atoms, Molecules and Ions

Chapter 2
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are composed of extremely small
particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having
the same size, mass and chemical properties.
The atoms of different elements differ in size,
mass and other properties. Atoms cannot be
subdivided, created or destroyed
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more
than one element. In any compound, the ratio of
the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements
present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does
not result in their creation or destruction.
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 Atomic Structure and Mass
• Matter is composed of atoms.

• Atoms have a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons.

• The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

• The nucleus is a very small fraction of the volume of an

atom.
Fundamental Concepts of the Atom

• Solar system depiction of

atomic structure.

• Emphasizes proton, neutron

and electron distribution;
does not accurately depict
current accepted model of
atomic structure.
Fundamental Concepts of the Atom

• Electrons are depicted as

clouds of negative charge
surrounding the nucleus.

• The density of the small dots

is related to the probability of
finding an electron at a
particular location.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
• 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g = 1 Dalton
• Protons and neutrons are nearly 2000 times more
massive than electrons
Particle mass (amu) charge
Proton 1.007 +1
Neutron 1.009 0
Electron 0.00055 –1
• Isotopes are atoms
of an element that
differ in the number
Isotopes
of neutrons in their
nucleus.
• Isotopic abundance
is the mass
percentage of an
isotope in a
naturally occurring
element.
 Atomic Number and Mass Number

• Atomic Number is the number of protons in a

nucleus.

• identifies the element

• Mass Number is the sum of the number of protons

and number of neutrons in a nucleus.
 Daltons Atomic Theory

Prior to John Dalton, the earliest known views regarding the ultimate structure
of matter have been credited to Democritus, who lived in about 420 BC.
According to Democritus, matter is composed of invisible particles( atomos)
known as ATOM. He also hypothesized that atoms are different in size,
shape, mass, position and arrangement. He believed that there were an
infinite number of atoms and that they were indestructible and always
moving.
However, in 1803, John Dalton worked out an atomic theory which was more
detailed than that of Democritus and he contributed the following:
1. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into
smaller particles. They also cannot be created nor destroyed.
2. All atoms of an element are identical but the atoms of one element are
different from the atoms of other element in terms of mass, size and
properties.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element which are
combined in fixed ratios.
4. Atoms retain their identity during chemical reactions, which involve
combination, separation, and re arrangement . They are indestructible.
 Dalton’s Atomic theory

Dalton’s theory explained three law that were known at time, namely :
1.Law of Conservation of Mass – matter is not created nor destroyed

2. Law of Definite proportion – state that different samples of the same

compound always contain their constituent elements on the same
proportion of mass.
Example: Salt, water and Methane gas
NaCl – formed from two different elements with distinctive physical and
chemical properties. Sodium is highly reactive metal and Chlorine is a
toxic gas. When these two elements react, their atoms combined 1:1
ratio, which then form white crystalline particles of table salt.
H20 – is composed of 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen and oxygen
CH4 – requires 1:4 ratio of carbon and hydrogen
 Dalton’s Atomic theory

3. Law of Multiple proportions – states that if two elements from more than
one compound , the various masses of one element combining with fixed
masses of another element are related by small whole number ratio.
Example:
CO– 1 atom of C combined with 1 atom of Qxygen combined with 2 atoms of
Oxygen, then Carbon dioxide was form.
Subatomic Particles:
Atoms are composed of even smaller particles called as subatomic
particles:
1. Protons – positively charged
2. Electrons – Negatively charged and electrically attracted to
protons
3. Neutrons – uncharged particles found within atomic nuclei,
In terms of mass both the protons and the neutrons are massive
particles which are almost 2000 times compared with electrons
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Law of Multiple Proportions

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16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y

Law of Conservation of Mass

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Cathode Ray Tube

J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-

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(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)
Types of Radioactivity

(uranium compound)
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Thomson’s Model

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 Rutherford’s Experiment
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)

 particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

(~5% speed of light)

1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g) 17
Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
“If the atom is the Houston Astrodome, then the nucleus is a
marble on the 50-yard line.”

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 Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
(1935 Noble Prize in Physics)

H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4

 + 9Be 1n + 12C + energy

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)

n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g
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mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

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Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of
neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number A
Atomic Number Z X Element Symbol

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U 21
The Isotopes of Hydrogen

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 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
14C
?
6

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in

11C
?
6

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

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 Noble Gas
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Halogen
Group
The Modern Periodic Table

Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
 Chemistry In Action
Natural abundance of elements in Earth’s crust

Natural abundance of elements in human body

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A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by
chemical forces

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

diatomic elements

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4

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An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge.

cation – ion with a positive charge

If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

Na 11 protons 11 protons
Na+
11 electrons 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.

Cl 17 protons 17 protons
Cl-
17 electrons 18 electrons 27
A monatomic ion contains only one atom

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

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Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table

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 How many protons and electrons are in ? 27Al 3+
13

13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

How many protons and electrons are in ? 78 Se 2-

34

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

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Formulas and Models

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32
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the
smallest unit of a substance

An empirical formula shows the simplest

whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical

H2O H2O

C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O

N2H4 NH2
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