Vitamin D

and A
A brief research
 Topics of discussion

Vitamin D
Vitamins and Sources of Research on
and its
their types Vitamins vitamin d3
functions

Effect of
Vitamin A
deficiency of
and its Some graphs
these
functions
vitamins
Introduction
to vitamins
 What are vitamins

Vitamins are They are the

organic Vitamins are nutrients that
compounds essential for are found in
that are various our food,
necessary in biological needed for
small processes like proper
quantities for metabolism, growth,
normal health woumd immunity, and
and growth in healing, and nervous
human beings immunity etc. system
and other functions.
animals
Types of vitamins
Types of vitamins
 Types of vitamins

Water
soluble
 Types of vitamins

Water
soluble
 Types of vitamins

Water Fat
soluble soluble
 Water soluble vitamins:

These vitamins are soluble in water. Water-soluble vitamins are not

stored in our body as its excess gets excrete through the urine.
Therefore, these vitamins need to be replenished constantly.

There are nine water-soluble vitamins: Vitamin C. Vitamin B1

(thiamin). Vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Vitamin B3 (niacin). Vitamin B5
(pantothenic acid). Vitamin B6. Vitamin B7 (biotin). Vitamin B9
(folate). Vitamin B12.
 Fat soluble vitamins.

• Fat soluble
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored vitamins
in the fat cells and as the include:
name suggests, these vitamins Vitamin A
require fat in order to be • Vitamin D
absorbed. • Vitamin E
• Vitamin K
Sources of vitamins
 Water soluble vitamins
Vitamins Sources

Vitamin B1 Enriched seeds and grains

Vitamin B2 Whole grains, enriched grains, and dairy products
Vitamin B3 Mushrooms, Fish, Poultry, and whole grain
Vitamin B5 Chicken, Broccoli, Legumes and whole grain
Vitamin B6 Fortified Cereals and Soy products
Vitamin B7 Many fruits and meat
Vitamin B9 Leafy vegetables
Vitamin B12 Fish, Poultry, Meat and dairy products
Vitamin C Citrus fruits and juices like lemon and oranges
 Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins Sources

Vitamin A potato, carrots, pumpkins, spinach, beef and eggs.

Vitamin D Fortified milk and other dairy products.

Vitamin E Fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, seeds, and nuts.

Vitamin K Dark green leafy vegetables and in turnip or beet green

Vitamin D
 Vitamin D has Vitamin D was first Calciferol, comprises a
Introduction

Discovery

Also known as
traditionally been identified as a vitamin group of fat-soluble
known for its regulation early in the 20th seco-sterols. The two
of bone metabolism and century, is now major forms are vitamin
homeostasis, but recognized as a D2 and vitamin
emerging evidence prohormone. A unique D3.Vitamin
suggests that it also has aspect of vitamin D as a D2 (ergocalciferol) is
a broad function in nutrient is that it can be largely human-made
immune regulation, and synthesized by the and added to foods,
inflammatory bowel human body through whereas vitamin
disease (IBD) the action of sunlight D3 (cholecalciferol) is
synthesized in the skin
of humans from 7-
dehydrocholesterol
 Functions of vitamin D

Reduces risk of multiple scelerosis

Decreases chance of heart diseases.

Reduce likely hood of severe illness.

Support immune health

Support mood and depression

Support weight loss

Support muscles and bones

 Vitamin D level in blood

Vitamin D status Blood level Blood level

(ng/ml) (nmol/L)
Severe Deficiency <10 <25

Deficiency 10-20 25-50

Insufficient 20-30 50-75

Sufficient 30-100 75-250

Overdose >100 >250

Daily recommended value as per age
Age mcg IU

0-1 0 400

1-13 15 600

14-18 15 600

18-70 15 600

>70 20 800

Pregnant and breastfeeding 15 600

woman
Factors causing Deficiency of vitamin D

Buildings
High Environmental
block pollution factors
sunlight

Indoor
Behavioral
time Sunscreen
factors
spending

Less High
sunlight level of Darker skin
absorbed melanin
Effects of vitamin D deficiency

Tiredness Aches

Stress
Weakness
fractures

Bone
pains
Vitamin D status among adults
Risks of getting too much vitamin D

Vitamin D toxicity can lead to an increase in your

blood calcium levels. This can result in a variety of
health issues, such as:

• frequent urination
• apathy
• vomiting
• abdominal pain
• dehydration
• confusion
• increased thirst
Research on
vitamin d3
 About research

The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL), which

began in 2010, is an ongoing research study in 25,874
men and women across the U.S. investigating whether
taking daily dietary supplements of vitamin D (2000
IU) or omega-3 fatty acids (Omacor® fish oil, 1 gram)
reduces the risk for developing cancer, heart disease,
and stroke in people who do not have a prior history of
these illnesses
 Findings

Cancer. During the trial, 793 cancers occurred among the

12,927 participants assigned to vitamin D, as compared with
824 cancers among the 12,944 participants assigned to vitamin
D placebo, a small but nonsignificant reduction. Supplemental
vitamin D also did not reduce the occurrence of breast,
prostate, or colorectal cancers. However, there was a
suggestive 17% reduction in cancer deaths, which became a
25% reduction in analyses that excluded the first two years of
follow-up. Excluding early follow-up is a common practice in
analyzing data from trials of dietary supplements and cancer
because effects of nutritional factors on risk of cancer, a slow-
developing disease, typically become clear only after several
years.
 Findings

Although vitamin D did not

significantly lower the risk of
developing cancer in the total
study population, African
Americans assigned to
vitamin D did experience a
suggestive 23% reduction in
cancer risk. However, further
research is needed to confirm
this finding.
 Findings

Cardiovascular disease. A total of 396

major cardiovascular events—heart attack, stroke, or
death from cardiovascular causes—occurred among
participants in the vitamin D group, as compared with
409 in the placebo group, a small but nonsignificant
reduction. Supplemental vitamin D also did not reduce
the occurrence of heart attack, stroke, or
cardiovascular death, considered individually, nor did it
reduce the risk of death from any cause.
 Findings

Side effects. There were few side

effects of high-dose vitamin D. No
significant increases in risk of
hypercalcemia (high blood calcium
level), kidney stones, or gastrointestinal
symptoms were observed.
 Findings

Clinical perspective. The findings indicate

that high-dose vitamin D does not lower the risk of
developing cancer or cardiovascular disease in generally
healthy men and women, although it appears to lower the
risk of cancer death. "The promising results for cancer
mortality need to be confirmed in extended follow-up of the
study participants and in future trials," said Dr. Manson.
"Although our study shows that a vitamin D dose of 2000 IU
per day is well tolerated, with few if any side effects, the
results do not strongly support the initiation of high-dose
vitamin D for prevention of cancer or cardiovascular
disease in healthy patients who already meet vitamin D
requirements for bone health." National guidelines for
vitamin D intake from food and/or supplements recommend
600 IU per day for adults up to age 70 and 800 IU per day
for those aged 71 and older.
 What’s next for VITAL?

Although the main VITAL study was designed to test

whether supplemental vitamin D and omega-3 fatty
acids affect risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease,
ancillary studies are examining diabetes, atrial
fibrillation, cognition, autoimmune disorders, lung
diseases, depression, and other outcomes. The
ancillary results will soon be available to allow a more
complete picture of the balance of benefits and risks
of supplementation.
Vitamin A
 Introduction Discovery Night blindness
• Fat soluble Vitamin A is • The activity of vitamin- • It has been observed
a group of compounds A was discovered by a and recorded that
that perform many vital nutrition scientist “Hippocrates of Kos”,
functions like named “Christine an ancient Greek
maintaining proper Stumbock” in the year (about 500 BC), cured
vision, improving bone 1919. Later in 1917, night blindness by
growth and other “McCollum” and prescribing his patients
cellular activities like “Davis” found the fat- a vitamin- A diet
reproduction, cell soluble factor in
division, and cell vitamin- A. Later in
differentiation. 1931, the structure of
vitamin A was
determined by
“Karrer”, and its
synthesis was achieved
in the laboratory by
“Kuhn” and “Morris” in
1937.
 Functions of vitamin A

Maintain Development
Healthy Maintains
Maintains skin and of teeth,
immune epithelial
proper vison mucous bones and
system cells
membrane soft tissues

Regulate
Produce new
and May reduce Support Hardens
cells and
synthesize risk of growth of cornea in
new blood
proteins and cancer foetus the eye
vessels
transferrins
 Vitamin A levels in blood

Age Mcg/dl

0-6 11.3-64.7

7-12 12.8-81.2

13-17 14.4-97.7

>18 32.5-78
Critical range: <20 mcg/dL indicates supplementation is needed.
Levels <10 mcg/dL mean deficiency. Vitamin A levels >120.0 mcg/dL
are suggestive of elevated levels and toxicity
Vitamin A recommendation
Causes of vitamin A deficiency

Malabsorption
Inadequate
of fat or liver
intake
disorders

Lack of
High rates of
breastfeeding
infection
in infants
 Effects of deficiency of vitamin A
Effects Vision loss and blindness
Complications with your skin, heart, lungs,
tissues and immune system

Stunting, or delayed growth and development in

children

Reduced ability to fight off illness and infection

Increased risk of infections, including throat

and chest infections, and gastroenteritis
Trends in prevalence of subclinical vitamin A
deficiency among children under 6, by region,
 Information was taken from

Byjus Pubmed N.I.H

Medcoo Healthline.
Cleaveland asia com
clinic

Research VITAL
Fity club
gate
Thank you for your time

If you have any query feel

free to ask
Presenter:
Saim Rizwan