Vitamins

Vitamins
3rd year undergraduates
2017-2018
Dr. Zahraa Salim & Dr. Hassnen Kamel

Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required by the body but in very small amounts, could be hundred of grams. They
may serve as catalysts for some reactions in our body. There are 2 types of Vit: either essential or non-essential Vit.
Classification of Vitamins
Vitamins
Water soluble Fat soluble
Vit B
Vit A
groups Water
Essential: need to be taken by food
soluble
Vit C Vit D
Non-essential: produced by the body
Vit E
Vit K
Water soluble Vit
1. B groups vitamins: This group of Vit B (B1+ B2+ B3+ B6+ B7+ +B9+ B12)
act as coenzymes to help the body to get energy from food. B vitamins are also
essential for good vision, healthy skin, healthy nervous system, and for red blood
cell formation.
1.1. Thiamin: Vit B1

‫ﺑﻘوﻟﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺑد‬
Thiamin founds in peas, liver, whole grains and fortified grain products such as cereal, and
enriched products like bread, pasta, rice, see the image.
The amount of Thiamin/day = 1.1- 1.2 mg/da. Its presence in adequate amount helps to
release energy from foods, promotes normal appetite, and is important in maintaining
proper nervous system function. ‫ﯾﻌزز اﻟﺷﮭﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺣﺎﻓظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬
Deficiency of Vit B1
The deficiency of Vit B1 is rare due to its availability in lots of grain sources. However,
these are some factors could affect the daily amount:
1. If someone is making heavy diet or doing sever exercises
2. Consuming alcoholics.
Symptoms of thiamin deficiency: mental confusion, muscle weakness, wasting, water
retention (edema), impaired growth, and the disease known as beriberi.
Water soluble Vit
1.2. Riboflavin: Vit B2

B2 found in the liver, eggs, green vegetables, whole grain products, and milk.
What does Vit B2 do?

Riboflavin helps:
1. Helps release energy from foods, for a good vision and a healthy skin.
2. helps to convert tryptophan (which makes up protein) into niacin.
Ultraviolet light is known to destroy riboflavin, which is why milk is packaged
in dark containers instead of clear.
The daily amount : 1.3 mg/day and Females: 1.1 mg/day
Deficiency of Vit B2
The deficiency is rare. However, if it happened, it it could be due to:
1. Alcoholism,
2. Malignancy,
3. Hyperthyroidism,
4. Symptoms of deficiency may appear as cracks at the corners of the mouth,
dermatitis on nose and lips, light sensitivity, cataracts, and a sore, red
tongue.
Water soluble Vit
1.3. Niacin: Nicotinamide or Nicotinic acid, Vit B3

This Vit is found in liver, fish, poultry, meat, peanuts, whole and enriched
grain products.
It involves in energy production, enzyme function, digestion, promoting
normal appetite, healthy skin, and nerves.
The daily amount of Vit B3 is 16 mg/day for male and ; 14 mg/day for
female.
Niacin deficiency : it is occur with:

1. alcoholism,
2. protein malnourishment,
3. low calorie diets,
4. Sever deficiency will cause Pellagra with symptoms include cramps,
nausea, mental confusion, and skin problems.
.
Water soluble Vit
1.4. Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal: Vit B6

The food sources of Vit B6 are:
meats, whole grains and cereals, legumes, and green, leafy vegetables.

It aids in protein metabolism and red blood cell formation. It is also participate
in the production of some chemicals such as insulin and hemoglobin.
The daily amount: 1.43 mg/day
Vitamin B6 Deficiency
Deficiency causes skin disorders, dermatitis, cracks at corners of mouth, anemia,
kidney stones, and nausea.
Excess amount of vitamin B6 over time have been known to result in nerve
damage
Water soluble Vit
1.7. Biotin: B7
Biotin is liver, kidney, egg yolk, milk, most fresh vegetables, yeast breads and
cereals. Biotin is also made by intestinal bacteria.
What does Biotin do ?

It helps release energy from carbohydrates and aids in the metabolism of fats,
proteins and carbohydrates from food.
The daily amount: 30 mcg/day for adult males and females
Biotin Deficiency
Biotin deficiency is uncommon under normal circumstances, but symptoms include
fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, depression, muscle pains, heart
abnormalities and anemia.
Water soluble Vit
1.5. Folic Acid, Folate : B9

Folic acid is found in liver, kidney, dark green leafy vegetables, meats, fish,
whole grains, fortified grains and cereals, legumes, and citrus fruits
What does Folic acid do?

It aids in:
1. protein metabolism,
2. promoting red blood cell formation.
3. Folate may also play a role in reducing the risk for coronary heart disease.
The daily amount: is 400 mcg/day for adult males and females.
For pregnancy =600 mcg/day.
Folate Deficiency
Folate deficiency affects:
1. cell growth and protein production, which can lead to overall impaired
growth.
2. anemia and diarrhea..
Water soluble Vit
1.6. Cobalamin: Vit B12
Vitamin B12 is found in meats, liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk and milk
products, oysters, shellfish.

It aids in
1. the building of genetic material,
2. production of normal red blood cells,
3. maintenance of the nervous system.
The daily amount of B12 is 2.4 mcg/day for adult males and females.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency

The deficiency affects:
1. infants of vegan mothers, and the elderly.
2. anemia,
3. neurological disorders
4. degeneration of nerves resulting in numbness and tingling. In order to
prevent vitamin B12 deficiency, a dietary supplement should be taken.
Water soluble Vit
2. Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid

It is found in the citrus fruits (orange, kiwi fruit, grape)
What does Vit C do?
1. It helps holding cells together through collagen synthesis in a connective

tissue that holds muscles, bones, and other tissues together.
2. aids in wound healing, bone and tooth formation,
3. strengthening blood vessel walls,
4. improving immune system function, Vitamin C Deficiency
5. increasing absorption and utilization of iron, It causes:
6. and acting as an antioxidant. 1. Scurvy= a loss of collagen strength
7. Vitamin C act as an antioxidant and helps in neutralizing free radicals. which leads to teeth loose, swollen
8. Our body cannot produce or store vitamin C, therefore good nutrition or gums, and improper wound healing.
supplementary tablets are essential for optimum health. 2. alcoholics, the elderly, and in smokers
An antioxidant is a molecule that slow the oxidation process and reduce the are suffering Vit C deficiency.
free radicals. It acts to repair the damage of cells.
Vitamin C toxicity
The daily amount= 90 mg/day for males and 75 mg/day for females. Deficiency causes kidney stones, gout,
For smokers= it should increases by 35 mg/day to reduce the effect of diarrhea, and rebound scurvy.
nicotine.
Fat soluble Vitamins
The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are stored in the body for long
time and therefore, no need for supplements. Any small extra dose of
vitamins A, D, E and K may lead to cell toxicity.
Additionally, some disease may decrease the absorption of these vitamins
A, D, E and K.
1. Retinol: Vit A
1. It found in the food of animal origins such as liver and fish.
2. Beta-carotene from fruits and vegetables (orang or dark green colored
vegetables).
3. Carrots, squash, apricot.
What does Vit A do?
1. It helps the eyes to adjust to light changes,

2. Plays an important role in bone growth, tooth development,
reproduction, cell division, gene expression, and regulation of the
immune system.
3. an important antioxidant that may play a role in the prevention of
certain cancers
The daily amount: 900 mcg/ day for adult males and 700 mcg/ day
for adult females.
Recent studies indicate that Vitamin A requirements may be increased

if hyperthyroidism, fever, infection, cold, and exposure to excessive
amounts of sunlight are indicated. Alcoholic people or those have
renal disease should increase the intake of vitamin A.
Vitamin A Deficiency
It causes
1. night blindness and very dry, rough skin
2. decreased resistance to infections, faulty tooth development, and
slower bone growth.
2. Vitamin D
It is found in the milk, oily fish, cod liver oil.

Our skin produces Vit D in a response to sunlight.
What does Vit D do?

It helps the body to use of calcium and phosphorous. It increases the absorbance
of calcium from the small intestine, helps to form and maintain bones.
Vitamin D helps for controlling cell growth. Children especially need adequate
amounts of vitamin D to develop strong bones and healthy teeth.
The daily amount

800 International unit/day especially for adults over 50.
Exposure to sunlight for 10-15 min without sunscreen, twice a week, is
sufficient to absorb Vir D. if the exposure was more than 15 min, sunscreen is
important with SPF 15 or more.
Vit D defficiency
1. Rickets in children 4. Increase autoimmune disease
2. Osteomalacia (muscle and bone weakness) 5. hypertension
3. Osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)
3. Vitamin E
It founds in the vegetable oils (soybean, corn, cottonseed, and sunflower).
Fruits and vegetables, grains, nuts (almonds), seeds, cereals.
What does Vit E do?
It acts as antioxidant agent and protects Vit A and C, red blood cells, and
essential fatty acids from destruction. Previous studies suggested that taking Vit
E supplement may prevents heart disease and cancer. However, recent study
argued this theory and suggested that taking supplements does not decrease the
heart diseases or cancer. Eating fresh fruits and vegetables (not supplements) is
necessary to have antioxidants and anticancer compounds.
The daily amount= 15 mcg of alpha-tocopherol/day
Vit D deficiency
1- premature infants and those unable to absorb fats
2- reduces the total dietary fat
4- Vitamin K
Vitamin K is found in spinach, cauliflower, cabbage and broccoli, and
certain vegetables oils including soybean oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil
and olive oil, as well as animal food.
What does vit K do?

It is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines, and plays an
essential role in blood clotting, supports bone health, and helps for
producing proteins in blood, bones, and kidneys.
Vitamin K toxicity
The daily amount= for age 14 – 18 Y= 75 mcg/day;
age 19 and older= 90 mcg/day Increase the dose of Vit K could cause the
Vit K deficiency breakdown of red blood cells and damage
1. Hemorrhage of the liver.
2. People who are under anticoagulant treatment (blood thinner), People under blood-thinning or
3. People who are under antibiotics treatment. anticoagulants treatment should take
4. People with chronic diarrhea vitamin K to overcome the deficiency of
Vit K.

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Vitamins

3rd year undergraduates

Dr. Zahraa Salim & Dr. Hassnen Kamel

Water soluble Fat soluble

1.1. Thiamin: Vit B1

1.2. Riboflavin: Vit B2

What does Vit B2 do?

The daily amount : 1.3 mg/day and Females: 1.1 mg/day

1.3. Niacin: Nicotinamide or Nicotinic acid, Vit B3

Niacin deficiency : it is occur with:

1.4. Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal: Vit B6

What does Vit B6 do?

The daily amount: 1.43 mg/day

What does Biotin do ?

The daily amount: 30 mcg/day for adult males and females

1.5. Folic Acid, Folate : B9

What does Folic acid do?

What does Vit B12 do?

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

2. Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid

What does Vit C do?

1. It helps holding cells together through collagen synthesis in a connective

What does Vit A do?

1. It helps the eyes to adjust to light changes,

Recent studies indicate that Vitamin A requirements may be increased

It is found in the milk, oily fish, cod liver oil.

What does Vit D do?

The daily amount

The daily amount= 15 mcg of alpha-tocopherol/day

What does vit K do?

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