Preparation

Preparation
for flight
• Click to edit Master subtitle style

Preparation for flight
The amount of preparation required for an individual

flight depends upon the degree to which operating
procedure can be standardised.
For routine short range the pilot can use a standard form
on which he inserts the date and flight number.
On long range flights he may have to make elaborate
calculations to choose the flight that is least costly.
He may have to consider a number of variables in the
light of weather, temperature and payload.
 A flight plan may include a sequence of compass headings to

cover a number of sectors making up the complete flight path,
altitudes at which various sectors of the flight will be flown, and
for each sector engine settings, true air speed, ground speed and
fuel requirements.
 It will have to determine total fuel requirement, gross take off
weight, landing weight, zero fuel weight and critical speeds.
 The flight plan is affected by the characteristics of the aircraft
like the maximum zero fuel weight, permissible landing weight,
permissible take-off weight, fuel tank capacity, structural speed,
thrust and rpm ratings. Another restriction is the air traffic
control regulation concerning flight paths and altitudes.
The information that a pilot has to study before making a

flight comes from three main sources :
 State authorities who make information available
through Aeronautical Information Publications and
NOTAMs
 Meteorological Services
 Airlines.
 Each state issues an A.I.P giving details such as runway lengths,

slopes and obstacles, airway reporting points, cruising levels, radio
failure procedures and so on.
 The A.l.P is amended in three ways
 by class I NOTAMs by signal notifying changes due to occur
without delay.
 by class II NOTAMs by printed form through the post
notifying less immediate changes.
 by replacement pages by post making minor amendments
 The term “NOTAM” is an abbreviation of the phrase “Notice
to Airmen”.
DATA SUPPLIED BY AIRLINES
To keep flying staff supplied with all the data necessary to operate
services the flight services section of a major world airline issues:
– Prepared navigation logs.
– Performance and weather minima summaries.
– Instrument approach and landing charts
– Radio navigation charts.
– Area charts and routing charts.
– Sector fuel tables.
– Universal fuel tables.
– Route experience sheets.
– Briefing information advices and flying staff instructions.
FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION
• The carriage of certain flight documents on aircraft is a legal

requirement in all states who are members of the ICAO.
 Certificate of Registration
 Certificate of maintenance
 Certificate of airworthiness (including the flight manual)
 Radio installation Licence
 Technical log
 Copy of load sheet
 General declaration
 Passenger manifest
 Cargo manifest
 Licences of operating crew
General Declaration
The General Declaration is an ICAO document for the purpose of

clearing with State authorities an aircraft and its load, outwards and
inwards on international flights.
It must show :
• particulars of the aircraft and its routing,
• a statement for Health Control purposes,
• a numerical summary of the operating crew members,
• or in some countries a list of their names and duties,
• and a numerical summary of passengers where a Passenger
Manifest is not presented.
Documents
• Loadsheet
One of the most important preparations for flight is to determine
certain weight aspects of the aircraft and its load and to ensure that
none of them exceed permissible limits.
• Balance Chart
The balance chart is a means of showing that the loaded aircraft is
in balance and the centre of gravity is within the permitted range.
It is not obligatory but is used by some European airlines, and when
used it becomes part of the loadsheet.
Documents
• Cargo Manifest
This document is used to record details of the cargo consigned to
each destination and supports the general declaration.
• Passenger Manifest
This document records the names of all passengers for use by
immigration authorities.
• Load Distribution Forms
It is used to ensure that safe limits are not exceeded through any
possible misunderstanding arising from verbal instructions.
Weight aspects
Various terms are used in the discussion of the weight of an

airplane. They are as follows:
 Standard Empty Weight : The weight of the airframe and
engine with all standard equipment installed. It also includes
the unusable fuel and oil.
 Optional or Extra Equipment: Any and all additional
instruments, radio equipment, etc., installed but not included
as standard equipment, the weight of which is added to the
standard weight empty to get the basic empty weight.
 Basic Empty Weight: The weight of the airplane with all
optional equipment included. In most modern airplanes, the
manufacturer includes full oil in the basic empty weight.
Weight aspects
 Useful load (or Disposable load): The difference between gross

take-off weight and basic weight empty. It is, in other words, all the
load which is removable, which is not permanently part of the
airplane. It includes the usable fuel, the pilot, crew, passengers,
baggage, freight, etc.
 Payload: The load available as passengers, baggage, freight, etc.,
after the weight of pilot, crew, usable fuel have been deducted
from the useful load.
 Operational Empty Weight: The basic empty weight of the
airplane plus the weight of the pilot. It excludes payload and
usable fuel.
Weight aspects
 Usable Fuel: Fuel available for flight planning.

 Unusable Fuel: Fuel remaining in the tanks after a run out test has
been completed in accordance with government regulations.
 Operational Gross Weight: The weight of the airplane loaded for
take-off. It includes the basic weight empty plus the useful load.
Weight aspects
 Maximum Gross Weight: The maximum permissible weight

of the airplane.
 Maximum Take-Off Weight: The maximum weight approved
for the start of the take-off run.
 Maximum Ramp Weight: The maximum weight approved for
ground maneuvering. It includes the weight of fuel used for
start, taxi and run up.
Weight aspects
 Zero Fuel Weight: The weight of the airplane exclusive of usable

fuel.
 Maximum Landing Weight: The maximum weight approved for
landing.
 Maximum Weight - Zero Fuel: Some transport planes carry fuel in
their wings. The maximum weight - zero fuel limits the load which
may be carried in the fuselage. Any increase in weight in the form
of load carried in the fuselage must be counterbalanced by
adding weight in the form of fuel in the wings.
Weight aspects
 Passenger Weights: Actual passenger weights must be used in

computing the weight of an airplane with limited seating capacity.
 The following average passenger weights may be used.
• males - summer 182 lbs, winter 188 lbs;
• females - summer 135 lbs, winter 141 lbs;
• children (2-11 years) - summer 75 lbs, winter 75 lbs;
• infants (0-less than 2 years) - summer 30 lbs, winter 30 lbs;
• animals - the actual weights of the animals are used.
THAT IS ALL
THANK YOU
Aviation English
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Preparation

• Click to edit Master subtitle style

The amount of preparation required for an individual

 A flight plan may include a sequence of compass headings to

The information that a pilot has to study before making a

 Each state issues an A.I.P giving details such as runway lengths,

• The carriage of certain flight documents on aircraft is a legal

The General Declaration is an ICAO document for the purpose of

Various terms are used in the discussion of the weight of an

 Useful load (or Disposable load): The difference between gross

 Usable Fuel: Fuel available for flight planning.

 Maximum Gross Weight: The maximum permissible weight

 Zero Fuel Weight: The weight of the airplane exclusive of usable

 Passenger Weights: Actual passenger weights must be used in

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