Basic Electricals

BASIC ELECTRICALS
A.C. Circuit
Electric Current :
The rate of flow of charge through any conductor, is known as electric
current. It is denoted by I.
I = q/t
I = ne /t But q= ne
Electric current is a scaler quantity and the arrow head represents the
direction of flow of positive cherge. It does not obey the low of addition of
vectors.
Its unit is coul/Sec. or ampere.
1 amp = 6.25 x 1018 electrons/sec.
It means for one amp. 6.25 x 1018 electrons enter one end of conductor in
one sec and an equal no. of electrons leave another end of conductor
simultaneously.
Types of current.
1. D.C
2. A.C
Direct Current (D.C)
The electric current which does not change in magnitude
and direction with respect to time is defined as direct
current.
It obeys ohm’s law and Joule law of heating
Current (I) Constant voltage
Voltage (V)
Alternating Current (A.C)
It obeys ohm’s law and Joule heating law. It is produced

by the principle of electro-magnetic induction.
Difference between A.C & D.C
D.C A.C
1. The current does not change with respect 1. Current changes periodically within respect to
to time. time.
2. It is represented by the symbol and 2. It is represented by the symbol and the

direction of flow of current from +ve to direction of current is not represented.
negative terminal.
3. This current repels a person. 3. This current attracts a person.
4. Its frequency is zero i.e time period is 4. Its frequency is 50 Hz i.e time period is
infinite. finite.
5. It is less dangerous than the A.C of equal 5. It is more dangerous than D.C of equal
voltage. voltage.
Irms = Io/√2
Erms = Eo/√2
Eo = max volt = 220 x √2 = 311 V
But 220V DC has fixed value.
Difference between A.C & D.C (contd)
6. Its long distance transmission is 6. Its long distance transmission is
difficult and very expensive. easier and economic.
7. It cannot be changed by a 7. It can be changed by a transformer.

transformer.
8. It can be controlled only by Ohmic 8. It can be controlled by choke coil in

resistance therefore energy loss is which energy loss is minimum (It is
very high. basically a inductor)
9. Its generator & motor are less 9. Its generator & motor are stronger
strong and convenient than those of and more convenient.
A.C.
10. The markings on the scales of its 10. The markings on scales are not
apparatus (ammeter, voltmeter) are equidistant
equidistant
11. D.C can be converted into A.C by 11. A.C can be converted into D.C by
inverter. rectifier.
Advantages of A.C over D.C
1. Generation, transmission and distribution of

A.C is more economical than D.C.
2. A.C can be better controlled without any loss

of electric power (by using choke coil)
3. A.C machines are stronger & easy to use.

Draw backs of A.C
1. A.C is more dangerous than D.C.
2. A.C cannot be used in electrolysis process,

electro-plating, electro-typing etc.
3. A.C is transmitted more from the surface of the

conductor than from inside. Therefore several fine
insulated wires are required for the transmission of
A.C.
OHM’S LAW
This law states that when a voltage source (V) is

connected with a given resistor(R), the current (I)
produced in the closed circuit is directly proportional to
the applied voltage.
Thus,
VαI
V=IR
Where R = A constant.
Units:
Resistance (R): Ohm (Ω)
Voltage (V): Volts (V)
Current (I): Ampere (A)
Resistance and Resistivity:-
If a wire is made up of a material
of whose resistivity (ρ), Length
(L) and cross section area (A) ,
then resistance
R= ρ (L\A).
Resistances in Series
If two resistors R1 and R2 is connectd in series across a
voltage source (V) and the current(I) flowing through
circuit.
The equivalent resistance
Req == R1+R2
Current flowing through circuit
I = V* Req
=I(R1+R2)
If V1 and V2 are the voltages across the resistances R1

and R2 respectively
Then
V1 = I * R1
V2 = I * R2
And
V = V1+V2
Resistances in parallel.:-
If two resistors are connected in parallel across a voltage

source (V) and the current flowing through the circuit ( I ).
Resistance equivalent (Req) :
= = R1*R2/R1+R2
Current in the circuit
I = V / Req
Current through resistor R1
I 1= (R2/R1+R2) * I
Current through resistor R2
I 2 = (R1/R1+R2) * I
And , I=I1+I2
Voltages across resistors R1 and R2
V1=V2=V
VOLTMETER
A voltmeter measures the change in voltage between two points in

an electric circuit and therefore must be connected in parallel with the
portion of the circuit on which the measurement is made. It is necessary
for the voltmeter to have a very high resistance so that it does not have
an appreciable affect on the current or voltage associated with the
measured circuit.
Ammeter:-
An ammeter is an instrument for measuring the

electric current in amperes in a branch of an electric
circuit . It must be placed in series with the measured
branch and must have very low resistance to avoid
significant alternation of the current is to measure.
Gate Turn-Off thyristors (GTOs) and solid state switches that allow the
inverter output waveform to be closely controlled. Previous thyristor and
SCR design allowed the gate signal to be turned ON. With a gate but the
device could not be turned OFF with the device. One way to turn off the
device is to remove the supply voltage which would of course de-
energize the circuit. A GTO has a gate that can turn it ON and OFF .The
development of high power turn-off semiconductor devices permit pulse
width modulation ton control both the amplitude and frequency of the
traction inverter output voltage thereby making AC motor control a
reality for locomotive drive system.
D.C.Generator
A D.C Generator is an electrical machine which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy. It consists of field
windings on poles, armature and a magnet frame. When a current is
given to field winding ,the field gets magnetized and thus magnetic
field created.
When armature is arranged to run in between magnetic field
with help of a prime mover, the rotating armature (conductor) cuts
the magnetic flux and emf will be induced according to Flemmings
Right hand Rule.
As the emf induced , the carbon brushes placed on commutator
collects the current and

Basic Electricals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Electricals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Electricals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BASIC ELECTRICALS

Current (I) Constant voltage

It obeys ohm’s law and Joule heating law. It is produced

2. It is represented by the symbol and 2. It is represented by the symbol and the

3. This current repels a person. 3. This current attracts a person.

7. It cannot be changed by a 7. It can be changed by a transformer.

8. It can be controlled only by Ohmic 8. It can be controlled by choke coil in

1. Generation, transmission and distribution of

2. A.C can be better controlled without any loss

3. A.C machines are stronger & easy to use.

2. A.C cannot be used in electrolysis process,

3. A.C is transmitted more from the surface of the

This law states that when a voltage source (V) is

The equivalent resistance

If V1 and V2 are the voltages across the resistances R1

If two resistors are connected in parallel across a voltage

Resistance equivalent (Req) :

Current through resistor R1

Current through resistor R2

Voltages across resistors R1 and R2

A voltmeter measures the change in voltage between two points in

An ammeter is an instrument for measuring the

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.