Group 1 - 20240515 - 083336 - 0000

Volcanoes, earthquakes, and
mountain ranges
Presented By: GROUP 1

volcanoes
-are enormous mountains formed

by the eruption of molten rock,
gas, and ash.
Earthquakes
-An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking

of the Earth's surface, caused by the release of
energy in the crust of the Earth.
MOUNTAIN RANGES
-are formed when tectonic plates collide,

pushing up the Earth's crust and creating high-
altitude terrain.
PLATE
BOUNDARIES
2 types of crusts
1. Continental crust
-thicker but less dense.
2. Oceanic Crust
-thinner and denser.
3 types of plate
boundaries
Divergent boundaries
-refer to the plates that separate and

move apart in
opposite directions forming new
lithosphere -the young seafloor.
Convergent boundaries
-are formed when two plates move toward
each other. The oceanic plate bends
downward at the subduction zone. This
occurs in two oceanic plates: convergent
boundary and continental plate-oceanic plate
convergent boundary. Oceanic plate sinks
because it is denser than the continental plate.
Transform fault boundaries
-are plates sliding past or slipping

past each other.
Processes and
landforms along plate
boundaries
TWO PLATES COLLIDE
1. Ridge Formation: If the two plates

push against each other with
approximately equal force, they can
create a ridge.
2. Subduction Zone: If one oceanic plate slides
beneath the other, it creates a subduction zone.
In this process, the denser plate is pushed into
the Earth's mantle, resulting in the formation of
oceanic vents and volcanoes.
3. Trench Formation: If both oceanic plates

push against each other and neither subducts, it
can create a deep trench.
Oceanic-continental plates
-are two types of tectonic plates that make

up the Earth's surface. These plates are part
of the theory of plate tectonics, which
explains the movement and interaction of
the Earth's lithosphere.
Two continental plates
1. Eurasian Plate: The Eurasian Plate is a

tectonic plate that includes most of
Europe, as well as parts of Asia. It
extends from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in
the Atlantic Ocean to the boundary with
the North American Plate in the Arctic
2. North American Plate: The North
American Plate is another major tectonic
plate that covers most of North America,
including the United States, Canada, and
parts of Mexico and Greenland. It extends
from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Atlantic
Ocean to the boundary with the Pacific Plate
along the west coast of North America.
Earth's mechanism
mantle convection
-refers to the movement of material within

the Earth's mantle, which is the layer
between the crust and the core. The mantle
is composed of solid rock, but it behaves
like a viscous fluid over long timescales due
to the high temperatures and pressures
plate tectonic theory
-was developed in 1960s, stating that the

Earth’s lithosphere-the crust and the
upper mantle-is broken up into several
pieces called plates that move slowly.
what makes lithospheric plates move?
-Lithospheric plates move due to the

process of plate tectonics, which is
driven by several forces and
mechanisms.
The primary driving forces behind plate motion
are:
1. Ridge Push: At mid-ocean ridges, new

oceanic crust is formed as magma rises and
solidifies, pushing the plates apart. The
newly formed crust is hotter and less dense
than the older, colder crust, creating a ridge
push force that pushes the plates away from
2. Slab Pull: At subduction zones, where one plate is
forced beneath another plate, the sinking or
subducting plate pulls the rest of the plate along with
it. As the dense oceanic lithosphere sinks into the
mantle, it exerts a pulling force on the rest of the
plate, driving its motion.
3.Mantle Convection: The convective flow of the

mantle, driven by heat transfer from the Earth's core,
plays a role in plate motion. Hot mantle material
rises at mid-ocean ridges, spreads laterally, and then
4. Slab Suction: As subducting plates
sink into the mantle, they create a
region of low pressure beneath them.
This low-pressure zone can act as a
suction force, pulling the rest of the
plate along with it.
Evidence of evolution
Evidence of fossil
homologous and analogous stracture
vestigal structure
Embryology
MEMBERS:
QUIRIQUIOL, LINDSAY
JAVONITALLA, LINCON
MANATAD, CONDRADO
IBAÑEZ, ALDRIN
PLEÑOS, JHON PAUL

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Volcanoes, earthquakes, and

Presented By: GROUP 1

-are enormous mountains formed

-An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking

-are formed when tectonic plates collide,

-refer to the plates that separate and

-are plates sliding past or slipping

1. Ridge Formation: If the two plates

3. Trench Formation: If both oceanic plates

-are two types of tectonic plates that make

1. Eurasian Plate: The Eurasian Plate is a

-refers to the movement of material within

-was developed in 1960s, stating that the

-Lithospheric plates move due to the

1. Ridge Push: At mid-ocean ridges, new

3.Mantle Convection: The convective flow of the

PLEÑOS, JHON PAUL

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