WROUGHT METAL

ALLOYS IN
ORTHODONTICS

PRESENTED BY:
KIPENZULA ESTHER AIER
MDS 1ST YEAR
2

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION
 DEFORMATION OF METALS
 LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS
 STRAIN HARDENING
 FRACTURE
 EFFECTS OF ANNEALING WROUGHT METALS
 GOLD METAL ALLOYS
 STAINLESS STEEL
 COBALT- CHROMIUM- NICKEL ALLOYS
 TITANIUM ALLOYS
 NICKEL- TITANIUM ALLOYS
 PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT ALLOYS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
3

INTRODUCTION

 DEFINITION:
A metal that has been plastically deformed to alter the
shape of the structure and certain mechanical properties
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CLASSIFICATION

WROUGHT BASE
METAL ALLOYS
WROUGHT GOLD 1. Stainless Steel
ALLOYS 2. Cobalt-Chromium
(Noble Alloys) Nickel
3. Nickel-Titanium
4. Beta-Titanium
5. Alpha- Titanium

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

5
DEFORMATION OF METALS

LATTICE IMPERFECTIONS

STRAIN HARDENING

FRACTURE

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

6
LATTICE DEFORMATION

Crystallization
of metals

Random
growth

Defect in
Lattice
Positions

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

7

LATTICE DEFORMATION

1. Point Defects

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

8

LATTICE DEFORMATION

2. Line Defect / Edge Dislocations

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

 STRAIN HARDENING/
9

COLD WORKING

• Ductility
• Surface • Corrosion
hardness resistance
• Yield
strength

Principles of Engineering Production, Hodder Arnold; 2nd edition

10 FRACTURE

• ↑COLD WORKING → FRACTURE

Pineau, A., Benzerga, A. A., & Pardoen, T. (2016). Failure of metals I: Brittle and ductile fracture. Acta Materialia,
107, 424–483.
11
EFFECTS OF ANNEALING WROUGHT
METALS

Cold-worked and
recovered grains New Grains Growing Grains
Temperature

Recrystallization Gr
y
er

a in
v
co

Gr
Re

ow
th

Time
Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition
12

GOLD WROUGHT ALLOYS

• Popular till 1940’s
• Noble metal

Gold 55-65%
Copper 11-18%
Silver 10-25%
Platinum 5-10%
Palladium 5-10%
Nickel 1-2%

Dr. Prachi Gaonkar(2020), Orthodontic archwires: past, present and future (review part 1)International
Journal Of Current Advanced Research, 09(05), pp. 22263-22275
13

STAINLESS STEEL
HISTORY

• Brearly of Sheffield in 1912

• World War I: 3 types

• 1920’s- Stainless Steel Orthodontic wires

• Ernest Friel - stainless steel bands in 1935.

• 1940→Australian Arch wires→ Arthur J. Wilcock Sr. and Begg’s

Arango-Santander S, Luna-Ossa CM. Stainless Steel: Material Facts for the Orthodontic Practitioner. Rev
Nac Odontol. 2015;11(20):71-82.
 STAINLESS STEEL
14

AISI CLASSIFICATION
HEATED QUENCHING
FERRITIC/400 series AUSTENITIC/300 series MARTENSITIC/400 series

912°C 912°C- 1394°C • BCT

18/8 STAINLESS STEEL

• Backofen and Gales 260°C-20 mins/437.7°C -10 mins. ANNEALING

• Funk 454.4°C-3 mins
Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition
Arango-Santander S, Luna-Ossa CM. Stainless Steel: Material Facts for the Orthodontic Practitioner. Rev Nac Odontol.
2015;11(20):71-82.
 STAINLESS STEEL
15

MANUFACTURING:
INGOT
MELTING ROLLING DRAWING
FORMATION

Manufacturing and Critical Applications of Stainless Steel – An Overview. Advanced Materials Research. Venkatraman,
Mahadevan & Krishnan, Pavitra & Jana, Vijaya & Kachwala, Tohfiq. (2013). 794. 163-173.
 STAINLESS STEEL
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PASSIVATION

SENSITIZATION

• Stabilization – Titanium
& Tantalum

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

 APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL
IN ORTHODONTICS
1. ORTHODONTIC BRACKETS: AISI 304 and 316

2. ORTHODONTIC MINI IMPLANTS

3. WIRES (GRADES)

Regular Regular Plus Special Special Plus

Premium
Premium Supreme
Plus

Arango-Santander S, Luna-Ossa CM. Stainless Steel: Material Facts for the Orthodontic Practitioner. Rev
Nac Odontol. 2015;11(20):71-82.
Dr. Prachi Gaonkar(2020), Orthodontic archwires: past, present and future (review part 1)International Journal Of Current 17
Advanced Research, 09(05), pp. 22263-22275
 COBALT- CHROMIUM- NICKEL
18

ALLOYS
• Elgin National Company
• ELGILOY- Rocky Mountain Orthodontics (1950)

COMPOSITION TYPES
Cobalt 40% Blue/Soft
Chromium 20%
Nickel 15%
Iron 15.8% Yellow/Ductile
Molybdenum 7%
Manganese 2%
Carbon 0.15% Green/
Beryllium 0.04% Semi resilient

Red/ Resilient
Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition
Dr. Prachi Gaonkar(2020), Orthodontic archwires: past, present and future (review part 1)International Journal Of Current
Advanced Research, 09(05), pp. 22263-22275
19
TITANIUM ALLOYS
• Commercially pure titanium (CP Ti)

α-TITANIUM β-TITANIUM
 Burstone & Goldberg(1977)
 AJ Wilcock Jr. (1988)  Body Centered Cubic Structure
 HCP crystal structure  > 882 °C
 <882 °C  Molybdenum, Zirconium and tin,
 Titanium, Aluminum, Vanadium Titanium
 TMA

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

 NICKEL- TITANIUM ALLOYS
20

• 1960’s, William F. Buehler, Naval Ordinance Laboratory

• 1970, Dr. George Andreasen- the first nitinol alloy was marketed
to
Orthodontists as NITINOL

TYPES

MARTENSITIC AUSTENITE

• Low temperature • High temperature

• High stiffness • Low stiffness

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

 NICKEL- TITANIUM ALLOYS
21

• 2 unique properties

1. SUPERLASTICITY

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

Ferreira MA, Luersen MA, Borges PC. Nickel-titanium alloys: A systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012 May-June;17(3):71-82.
 NICKEL- TITANIUM ALLOYS
22

2. SHAPE MEMORY (SME)

• Temperature dependent
phase deformation

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

Ferreira MA, Luersen MA, Borges PC. Nickel-titanium alloys: A systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012 May-June;17(3):71-82.
 NICKEL- TITANIUM ALLOYS
23

• Recent advances in NiTi wires

Chinese Japanese
NiTi NiTi

Aesthetic Copper Bioforce

Wires NiTi sentalloy

Dual Flex Suresmile

Arch Wires Technology

Dr. Nikita modi, dr. Ruhee gupta, dr. Manas borah. Newer orthodontic archwires- a review. International Journal of applied dental science
2020;6(4):90-94.
Dr. Sunil Sunny, Dr. Nitheesh Reghunathan, Dr. Amy Dileep, Dr. Abby Alex, Newer Nickel Titanium Archwires in Orthodontic Treatment: An
Overview, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861
24
PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT ALLOYS

179 184
1.6
2.1 5
1.4
1.2 1.7 4
1.1 1.5

Elastic 79 Tensile1.3 Biocompati-

3
72 Yield 0.69
Strength
Modulus Strength bility
2
41
0.4 1

Elastic Yield Te nsile Biocompatibility

Modulus Strength Strength
(GPa) (GPa)
(GPa)

10% 5 5

4 4

3
Friction
3
Springback 5% 5%
Formability
2
Resistance
2

1 1
1.40%
0.50%

Springback Formability Frictional resistance

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition

Kapila, S., & Sachdeva, R. (1989). Mechanical properties and clinical applications of orthodontic wires. American Journal of Orthodontics
and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 96(2), 100–109. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(89)90251-5
25

CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
26

• Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12th Edition

• Pineau, A., Benzerga, A. A., & Pardoen, T. (2016). Failure of metals I: Brittle and ductile
fracture. Acta Materialia, 107, 424–483.
• Manufacturing and Critical Applications of Stainless Steel – An Overview. Advanced
Materials Research. Venkatraman, Mahadevan & Krishnan, Pavitra & Jana, Vijaya &
Kachwala, Tohfiq. (2013). 794. 163-173.
• Principles of Engineering Production, Hodder Arnold; 2nd edition
• Dr. Prachi Gaonkar(2020),International Journal Of Current Advanced Research, 09(05),
pp. 22263-22275
• Kapila, S., & Sachdeva, R. (1989). Mechanical properties and clinical applications of
orthodontic wires. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,
96(2), 100–109. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(89)90251-5
• Dr. Sunil Sunny, Dr. Nitheesh Reghunathan, Dr. Amy Dileep, Dr. Abby Alex,
Newer Nickel Titanium Archwires in Orthodontic Treatment: An Overview, IOSR
Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861
27

THANK YOU
 TYPE CHROMIUM NICKEL CARBON
Ferritic 11.5-27 0 0.20
Austenitic 16-26 7-22 0.25
Martensitic 11.5-17 0-2.5 0.15-1.20

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 NICKEL- TITANIUM ALLOYS
29

Superelasticity Shape-Memory

Mechanical Thermally induced at

or oral temperature
Stress Induced

Phase Transformation

Austinitic Martensitic Austinitic

Philips Science Of Dental Materials, 12 th Edition
Ferreira MA, Luersen MA, Borges PC. Nickel-titanium alloys: A systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012 May-June;17(3):71-82.