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Chapter 3

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Chapter 3

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Chapter 3

Atomic Structure and Electron


Configuration
Atomic theory
 Atomic theory states that all matter is
composed of atoms.
 The above theory was proposed by a
Greek philosopher.
The 3 laws in chemistry
 Law of definite proportions states that a given
compound contains the same elements in exactly
the same proportions by mass, regardless of the
size of the sample or the source of the compound.
 Ex. If a sample of ethylene glycol is found to have
the formula C2H6 O2 , then the law of definite
proportion tells you that all other samples will
have the same molecular formula.
Law Of Conservation of mass
 This law states that the mass of the
products of a reaction equals the mass of
the reactants. This law applies when two or
more elements combine to produce a
compound when the compound
decomposes or when the atoms in a
compound are rearranged.
Law of conservation of mass
Law of multiple proportion
 This law applies to different compounds
formed from the same two elements.
 Ex there are 3 different compounds formed
from the elements nitrogen and oxygen. All
3 are gases, but each has its own physical
and chemical property.
 Law of multiple proportions
Dalton’s atomic theory
 1. All matter is made of indivisible and
indestructible atoms.
 2. All atoms of given element are identical
in their chemical and physical property.
 3. Atoms of different elements differ in their
chemical and physical properties.
 4. Atoms of different elements combine in
simple whole-number ratios to form
compounds.
 5. Chemical reactions consist of the
combination, separation, or rearrangement
of atoms.
Atomic mass
 The mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu).
 Carbon-12 is the standard for the atomic mass
scale. 1amu=1/12 th the mass of carbon-12.
 Units such as milligrams, grams, or kilograms
created extremely small numbers when
measuring the masses of atoms or molecules.

What is mole?
 A unit that serves as a bridge between the
indivisible atom and the macroscopic world
of materials and objects. It is a collection of
Avogadro’s number of particles.
 1 mole= 6.022 x 1023 particles.
Internal structure of atoms
 Subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
 J.J Thompson’s theory led to the discovery of electrons. He
wanted to study the flow of electric current.
 He proposed that the electrons of an atom were embedded in
a positively charged ball of matter. His picture of an atom was
named the “plum pudding” model of an atom because it
resembled plum pudding a desert consisting of a ball of
sweet cake and pieces of fruit embedded in it.

 Rutherford’s discovery of the nucleus:
Rutherford's atom resembled a tiny solar system
with the positively charged nucleus always at the
center and the electrons revolving around the
nucleus.


 Interpreting Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment
 Alpha particles are positively charged partices
produced by some nuclear disintegration
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
 Protons are the subatomic particles that
were present in the nucleus and having a
positive charge.
Atomic number and mass number
 The number of protons in the nucleus is
atomic number.
 The total number of particles in the nucleus
that is the number of protons and neutrons
is the mass number.
 Ex. 115B
Isotopes and radioisotopes
 Atoms of the same atom having different
neutrons.
Radioisotopes
 Atoms having unstable nuclear
configuration.
Electrons and Light
 Electrons are the most important parts of
an atom. Electrons occupy most of an
atom’s volume and determine virtually most
of its chemistry. Our knowledge of electrons
in atoms come from studying the light it
emits.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 The EMR is composed of radiation with a
broad range of spectrum. The visible
spectrum is a tiny portion of the EM
spectrum. Light is an electro magnetic
wave.
 Light and all other electromagnetic radiation are
considered as moving waves.


 The frequency (number of waves that pass a fixed
place in a given amount of time ) and wavelength
of a wave are inversely related. As frequency
increases wavelength decreases.
 Frequency= speed/wavelength
 Frequency x wavelength = speed.
 Excited electrons emit light.
 Each electron in an atom is in a state of lowest
possible energy a ground state. If an electron
acquires additional energy then it is in excited
state.
 The electron will quickly fall back to the ground
state and when it does the excess energy is
released as light.
Bohr’s Atomic Structure for hydrogen
atom
 When electrons are excited they absorb
energy and move to a higher energy level
(gold arrow). When they emit light, they
move to a lower energy level. Violet light
(violet arrow) is produced when electrons
move from level n=6 to
 n=2
 Blue light (blue arrow) is produced when electrons
move from level n=5 to level n=2.
Green light (green arrow) is produced when
electrons move from level n= 4 to level n= 2.
Red light (red arrow) is produced when electrons
move from level n= 3 to level n=2. This series of
lines which is the visible hydrogen line spectrum
is called the Balmer series. The energies of these
emissions just happen to be in the visible range
so we can see the colors.
Homework
 Page 105
 Term review all.
Bohr’s Atomic Structure
 n is also called as the quantum number.
 Bohr’s atomic model suggested electrons in
terms of their energy state. He postulated
that electrons did not radiate energy while
in orbit around the nucleus.
 The present day quantum model suggests
that electrons have both the properties of
particles and waves.
Quantum Theory
 This theory called as quantum theory
suggests each electron in an atom is
assigned 3 quantum numbers n, l, m.
 Ex. If you have been in a concert your ticket
specifies your seat by a series of numbers
and letters. Like specifies seat number 20
in row K in section 3 of the south set of
stands.
 Figure showing the different energy levels
around the nucleus.
 In quantum theory electrons are located in
orbitals ( a region in an atom where there is
a high probability of finding one or more
electrons) .The orbital is designated by a
particular set of values of the quantum
numbers n, l, and m.
Rules for assigning quantum numbers
 The principle quantum number n can take the values 1,2,3, 4
and so on. N values larger than 7 are not encountered. The
larger the value of n the farther the orbital is from the nucleus
and higher its energy is.
 The l quantum number can take any whole number value
from 0 to n-1. ex. If n=3 l can
have values 0,1, or 2.
The m quantum number can take whole number values
depending on the value of l. ex. If l=1 m can take values -
1,0,1
 Relation of n and l.
 n=principle quantum number in which the
level the electron is located.
 L=sublevel within that energy
level.
 m= orbital within sublevel the electron is
located.
Pauli’s Exclusion principles
 This principle states that not more than two
electrons can occupy a single orbital.
 Electrons are assigned a spin quantum
number ms = -1/2 and ms = +1/2. There are
only two possible values for the spin
quantum number. Two electrons in the
same orbital spin in opposite directions
Aufbau’s principle
 The electrons in an atom will occupy the
lowest available orbital.
Hund’s Rule
 Orbitals of the same n and l quantum
numbers are each occupied by one
electron before any pairing occurs.
Home work

 Page 107
 #21 to 27.
 Page 109
 Test prep all

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