Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Interpreting Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment
Alpha particles are positively charged partices
produced by some nuclear disintegration
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons are the subatomic particles that
were present in the nucleus and having a
positive charge.
Atomic number and mass number
The number of protons in the nucleus is
atomic number.
The total number of particles in the nucleus
that is the number of protons and neutrons
is the mass number.
Ex. 115B
Isotopes and radioisotopes
Atoms of the same atom having different
neutrons.
Radioisotopes
Atoms having unstable nuclear
configuration.
Electrons and Light
Electrons are the most important parts of
an atom. Electrons occupy most of an
atom’s volume and determine virtually most
of its chemistry. Our knowledge of electrons
in atoms come from studying the light it
emits.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The EMR is composed of radiation with a
broad range of spectrum. The visible
spectrum is a tiny portion of the EM
spectrum. Light is an electro magnetic
wave.
Light and all other electromagnetic radiation are
considered as moving waves.
The frequency (number of waves that pass a fixed
place in a given amount of time ) and wavelength
of a wave are inversely related. As frequency
increases wavelength decreases.
Frequency= speed/wavelength
Frequency x wavelength = speed.
Excited electrons emit light.
Each electron in an atom is in a state of lowest
possible energy a ground state. If an electron
acquires additional energy then it is in excited
state.
The electron will quickly fall back to the ground
state and when it does the excess energy is
released as light.
Bohr’s Atomic Structure for hydrogen
atom
When electrons are excited they absorb
energy and move to a higher energy level
(gold arrow). When they emit light, they
move to a lower energy level. Violet light
(violet arrow) is produced when electrons
move from level n=6 to
n=2
Blue light (blue arrow) is produced when electrons
move from level n=5 to level n=2.
Green light (green arrow) is produced when
electrons move from level n= 4 to level n= 2.
Red light (red arrow) is produced when electrons
move from level n= 3 to level n=2. This series of
lines which is the visible hydrogen line spectrum
is called the Balmer series. The energies of these
emissions just happen to be in the visible range
so we can see the colors.
Homework
Page 105
Term review all.
Bohr’s Atomic Structure
n is also called as the quantum number.
Bohr’s atomic model suggested electrons in
terms of their energy state. He postulated
that electrons did not radiate energy while
in orbit around the nucleus.
The present day quantum model suggests
that electrons have both the properties of
particles and waves.
Quantum Theory
This theory called as quantum theory
suggests each electron in an atom is
assigned 3 quantum numbers n, l, m.
Ex. If you have been in a concert your ticket
specifies your seat by a series of numbers
and letters. Like specifies seat number 20
in row K in section 3 of the south set of
stands.
Figure showing the different energy levels
around the nucleus.
In quantum theory electrons are located in
orbitals ( a region in an atom where there is
a high probability of finding one or more
electrons) .The orbital is designated by a
particular set of values of the quantum
numbers n, l, and m.
Rules for assigning quantum numbers
The principle quantum number n can take the values 1,2,3, 4
and so on. N values larger than 7 are not encountered. The
larger the value of n the farther the orbital is from the nucleus
and higher its energy is.
The l quantum number can take any whole number value
from 0 to n-1. ex. If n=3 l can
have values 0,1, or 2.
The m quantum number can take whole number values
depending on the value of l. ex. If l=1 m can take values -
1,0,1
Relation of n and l.
n=principle quantum number in which the
level the electron is located.
L=sublevel within that energy
level.
m= orbital within sublevel the electron is
located.
Pauli’s Exclusion principles
This principle states that not more than two
electrons can occupy a single orbital.
Electrons are assigned a spin quantum
number ms = -1/2 and ms = +1/2. There are
only two possible values for the spin
quantum number. Two electrons in the
same orbital spin in opposite directions
Aufbau’s principle
The electrons in an atom will occupy the
lowest available orbital.
Hund’s Rule
Orbitals of the same n and l quantum
numbers are each occupied by one
electron before any pairing occurs.
Home work
Page 107
#21 to 27.
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Test prep all