Ciccarelli Chapter 15 Son

Psychology
Sixth Edition, Global Edition
Chapter 15
Psychological Therapies
Chapter
Start Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Psychological Therapies Video
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Chapter
Treatment of Psychological
Disorders: Past to Present
• Prior to the late 1700s, those suffering from mental
illness were thought to be possessed by demons or
evil spirits and «treatment» was deadly.
• Bethlehem Hospital in London;
- first organized effort for mental illnesses
- patients were chained to beds
- treatments were severe and deadly (bloodletting,
beatings, ice – baths, induced vomitting etc)
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Chapter
• Philippe Pinel, French psychiatrist in La Bicetre
Asylum in Paris
- made humane changes to the conditions of
patients(removed chains from patients, abandoned
ancient treatments such as bloodletting etc)
- visited his patients daily, talking to them one-to-one,
observing their behaviors, building up case files on each
person
- categorized different types of mental illness, recognizing
some as curable and others as incurable, and
documented therapies that had cured patients.
Chapter
• Therapy: treatment methods aimed at making people
feel better and function more effectively
• Two broad categories:
‒ One based primarily in psychological theory and
techniques (therapist listens to one’s problems & help
them in changing behaviour)
‒ Other uses medical intervention to bring symptoms
under control
• Eclectic: using more than one treatment approach or
technique to best meet the needs of people they work
with without limiting yourself
Chapter
• Psychotherapy: therapy for mental disorders in
which a person with a problem talks with a
psychological professional (individual, couple or
family)
– Insight therapy: psychotherapy in which the main goal
is helping people to gain insight with respect to their
behavior, thoughts, and feelings
– Action therapy: psychotherapy in which main goal is
to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
• Biomedical therapy: therapy for mental disorders in
which a person with a problem is treated with
biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
Chapter
Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic
and Humanistic Approaches
• Insight Therapies: psychotherapies in which the
main goal is helping people to gain insight with
respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
There are 2 types of insight therapies;
–Psychodynamic approach
–Humanistic approach
Chapter
Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis: Insight therapy based on the theory
of Freud, which emphasizes revealing of unconscious
conflicts ,urges, and desires that are assumed to cause
disordered emotions and behaviour.

Chapter
Psychoanalysis
Freud made use of 2 techniques to reveal the
repressed information in patients’ unconscious
minds;
1. Dream interpretation: analysis of elements within
a patient’s reported dream.
 Manifest content: actual dream and its events
 Latent content: the symbolic or hidden meaning
of dreams.
2. Free association: freely saying whatever comes
to their minds w/out fear of evaluated or condemned
Chapter
Psychoanalysis
• Resistance: any opposition to the therapeutic
process or mental healing (ex. unwilling to talk about
certain topics, cancelling sessions, being always late
for sessions etc.)
• Transference: when the therapist becomes a symbol
of a parental figure or someone he/she cares from the
past
• Countertransference: in which therapist has a
transferance reaction to the patient. Freud viewed it
as dangerous because a psychoanalyst is supposed
to remain completely objective and detached
https://youtu.be/tQZPd7e8lXw?si=aeh1GPxlgTBdjOBS
https://youtu.be/gFhUs-1HP5k?si=rNGG8r8xjds3WZL8
Chapter
Psychoanalysis
• Evaluation of Psychoanalysis and
Psychodynamic Approaches
– Freud’s original theory has been criticized; few
psychoanalysts today use his original methods
– Modern psychodynamic therapy is more;
 client-centered and more directive approach (actively
giving interpretations of a client’s statements in
therapy, even suggesting certain behavior or actions)
 client is face to face (couch is gone)
 «client» instead of «patient» (avoid implying sickness)
 focus less on id instead looking more at ego
 shorter treatment times
Chapter
Psychoanalysis
Psychotherapy often takes place one on one, with a client and therapist exploring various issues
together to achieve deeper insights or to change undesirable behavior.
Source: Katarzyna Biatasiewicz/123RF.

Chapter
Psychoanalysis
• Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT);
- form of insight psychotherapy developed to address
depression.
- based on interpersonal theories of Meyer, Sullivan
and Bowlby.
- focuses on interpersonal relationships and
functioning.
- despite its psychodynamic origins, it is considered to
be an eclectic approach (combines humanistic and
coginitive-behavioral therapies)
https://youtu.be/HrClyDVL43I?si=UudlCAqpipyQOwqF
Chapter
Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human
• Humanistic therapies focus on;
- conscious, subjective experience of emotion and people’s

sense of self
- more immediate experiences in daily lives rather than
early childhood experiences
- importance of choices made by individuals and potential
to change one’s behaviour.
• Two most common humanistic therapies are;
- Person-centered theraphy
- Gestalt theraphy
Chapter
• Person-centered therapy: a nondirective insight
therapy in which the client (not patient) does much
of the talking and the therapist listens
– based on the work of Carl Rogers
– examines how person experiences real self v.s ideal self
– goal of therapist should be to provide unconditional positive
regard to help client recognizes the mismatch between real
self and ideal self
– Nondirective: therapy style in which the therapist remains
relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct
actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm,
nonjudgmental listener while the client talks

Chapter
• Three elements of Roger’s therapy for a successfull
relationship;
– Authenticity: the genuine, open, and honest response
of the therapist to the client
– Unconditional positive regard: warmth, respect, and
accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the
client
– Empathy: the ability of the therapist to understand the
feelings of the client
• Reflection: the therapist restates what the client says
rather than interpreting those statements in order to allow
them to continue to talk and have insights
• https://youtu.be/r_yGBnZXFFA?si=5ojdPy7wmvARTmgl
Chapter
Humanistic Therapy: To Err is
Human
A Rogerian person-centered therapist listens with calm acceptance to anything the client says. A
sense of empathy with the client’s feelings is also important.
Source: Mark Bowden/123RF
Chapter
• Gestalt therapy: form of directive insight therapy in which
the therapist helps clients accept all parts of their feelings
and subjective experiences, using leading questions and
planned experiences such as role-playing
‒ founder of gestalt theraphy is Fritz Perls

‒ focuses on the process as a whole, rather than
individual events or experiences.
‒ psychoanalysis focuses on the hidden past, whereas
Gestalt therapy focuses on the denied past.
‒ everything is conscious but some people simply
refuse to own up having certain feelings or to deal
with past issues
‒ they try to understand the whole picture of the client
Chapter
• Gestalt therapy
- The gestalt philosophy rejects the notion that any one

particular trait, episode, or indeed a diagnosis could define
a person. Instead, their total self must be explored,
discovered, and confronted.
- the most popular technique in gestalt therapy, the empty
chair technique, is a method of resolving unfinished
business in the therapy room. The chair represents some
person from past with an unresolved issue.
- https://youtu.be/Ugv4Nns0XGc?si=0hwASPtm_vQK-Dp7
Chapter
Humanistic Therapy: To Err is
Human
In Gestalt therapy, it is not unusual to find a client talking to an empty chair. The chair represents
some person from the past with whom the client has unresolved issues; this is the opportunity to
deal with those issues.
Source: Lee Wonyop/TongRo Images/Alamy Stock Photo

Chapter
• Early studies of humanistic therapies relied heavily on case

studies, not experimental research
• Humanistic therapies have been used to treat

psychological disorders, help to make career choices,
workplace problems, counsel married couples
• Tend to work best with intelligent, highly verbal persons

– Somewhat less practical choice for treating the more
serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia, at
least as a first line of treatment
Chapter
Action Therapies: Behavior
Therapies and Cognitive Therapies
• Action therapies focused on changing the
behavior itself
– Behavior therapies change behavior through learning
process
– Cognitive therapies change behavior through
changing maladaptive thought process
Chapter
Behavioral Therapies: Learning One’s
Way to Better Behavior
• Behavior therapies: action therapies based on

the principles of classical and operant conditioning
and aimed at changing disordered behavior
without concern for the original causes of such
behavior
- abnormal or undesirable behaviour is not seen as
symptom but rather the problem itself

Chapter
Therapies based on classical conditioning
- Through classical conditioning, old and undesirable

automatic responses can be replaced by desirable ones.
- There are several techniques developed using classical

conditioning learning to treat disorders like phobias,
anxiety disorders and obssesive compulsive disorder
Chapter
Systematic desensitization: behavioral technique used to
treat phobias, in which a client through a series of steps
meant to reduce fear or anxiety, is normally used to treat
phobic disorders and consists of 3 step process;
1. Client are taught deep muscle relaxation training
2. Client and therapist make a list of an object/situation
which cause least and greatest degree of fear
3. Client begins (with the guidance of therapist) with first
item that causes minimal fear and looks at it, thinks about
it, or actually confronts it. Client pairs old fearful stimulus
with new relaxation response. Then proceeds to other
item until phobia is gone.
Chapter
Table: Fear Hierarchy
Situation Fear Level
Being bitten by a rabbit 100
Petting a rabbit on the head 90
Petting a rabbit on the back 80
Holding a rabbit 70
Touching a rabbit held by someone else 60
Seeing someone I trust hold a rabbit 50
Being in a room with a rabbit 40
Thinking about petting a rabbit 30
Looking at pictures of a rabbit 20
Watching the movie “Hop” 10
Items are ranked by level of fear from most fearful, Fear = 100, to least fearful, Fear = 0.
Chapter
• Aversion therapy: form of behavioral therapy in

which an undesirable behavior is paired with an
aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the
behavior.
– ex. rapid smoking (every 5 seconds one puf)
https://youtu.be/z0xgIE-SKpc?si=urCIGmZ29tZq_FcL
Chapter
Behavioral Therapy Video
Chapter
• Exposure therapies: behavioral techniques that
expose individuals to anxiety- or fear-related stimuli,
under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new
learning
– In vivo (in life)
– Imaginal (client visualizes the stimulus)
– Virtual (virtual reality is used)
– Graded exposure (as in sytematic desensitization)
– Ex. If Chang-sun has social anxiety disorder, fon in vivo
exposure he might have to attend to a party or virtually
attend to it via VR
Chapter
• Flooding: technique for treating phobias and other
stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and
intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or
object and prevented from making the usual
avoidance or escape response (under controlled
conditions)
- Ex. Chang sun would not be allowed to leave the party
Chapter
• Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR):
exposure-based therapy for PTSD and similar problems in
which client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and
forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
• https://youtu.be/1IPsBPH2M1U?si=V1ylUum7X_pDNKgP
• Exposure and response prevention (EX/RP): one of the
most effective strategies for treating OCD. Individuals
encouraged to gradually and regularly expose themselves
to stimuli that triggers obsessive thoughts, but not to
engage in typical compulsive acts or process
• https://youtu.be/lxEHOh9c3D8?si=5HnNMK8nuaOtug2s
Chapter
VR psychotherapy has been effective for many soldiers experiencing symptoms of PTSD .
Source: Z2A1/Alamy Stock Photo.
Chapter
Therapies based on operant conditioning
• Modeling: learning through the observation and

imitation of others
– Participant modeling: technique in which a model
demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step,
gradual process while the client is encouraged to
imitate the model
– Ex. A person might first approach a dog, then touch the
dog, then pet the dog, finally hug the dog. The person
who has a fear would watch this process and be
encouraged to repeat process step by step.
Chapter
• Reinforcement: the strengthening of a response
by following it with a pleasurable consequence or
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
– Token economy: use of objects called tokens to
reinforce behavior in which tokens can be accumulated
and exchanged for desired items or privileges
– Contingency contract: a formal, written agreement
between the therapist and client in which goals for
behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are
clearly stated (useful in treating drug addiction, eating
disorders etc)
Chapter
Behavioral Therapies: Learning
One’s Way to Better Behavior
Token economies can be useful for encouraging and maintaining a variety of desired behaviors.
When positive behaviors are demonstrated, individuals earn tokens, such as these stars, which can
later be exchanged for desired items or privileges, which serve as reinforcers for the positive
behaviors.
Source: Jamie Grill/JGI/Getty Images

Chapter
• Extinction: the removal of a reinforcer to reduce
the frequency of a behavior
‒ Ex: a veteran’s fear of thunderstorms due to a
traumatic experience in their past. With exposing to
recorded sounds of thunderstorms, the fear response
gradually diminishes, indicating successful classical
extinction.
Chapter
• Behavioral activation;
- reintroducing individuals to their regular
environments and routines as one way to
increase opportunities for positive reinforcement.
- behavioral activation helps us understand how
behaviors influence emotions.
- it has been used successfully in depression
Chapter
• Behavioral activation;
- For ex. Jim deals with depression and anxiety. He
has a hard time figuring out why his mood drastically
dips and also finds it difficult to understand why he
feels better for short periods of time. While working
with his schedule in therapy, he began to discover
specific mood triggers (how he spent his time or
random events). He was able to become more
aware of these triggers and change his approach,
ultimately allowing him to change his mood.
Chapter
• Behavior therapies can be effective in treating
specific problems, such as bedwetting, drug
addictions, and phobias
• Behavior therapies can also help improve some of
the more troubling behavioral symptoms
associated with more severe disorders
Chapter
Cognitive Therapies: Thinking is
Believing
• Cognitive therapy;
- developed by Aaron T. Beck
- therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize
distortions in their thinking and replace distorted,
unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
Chapter
Believing
“Heather has left my text message unread for over an hour ... I must have done something to tick her
off ... ”
How many times have you jumped to a conclusion without first examining the actual evidence, or
getting the whole story?
Source: ChristianChan/Shutterstock.
Chapter
Believing
Common distortions in thought;
– Arbitrary inference: drawing a conclusion without any
evidence (ex. Tom didn’t respond to my message, he
thinks I'm a horrible person)
– Selective thinking: focusing on only one aspect of a
situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects (ex.Your
teacher says: «Your project is great, there are only
punctuation errors», you think: «My project is awful»
– Overgeneralization: drawing extensive conclusions
based on only one incident or event and applying those
conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
(ex. Getting rejected from a job after an interview. Then
assuming you'll never get a job)
Chapter
Believing
Common distortions in thought;
– Magnification: blowing a negative event out of
proportion (ex. a person who is struggling with
magnification might believe that a small mistake they
made at work is a catastrophic event that will ruin their
career.
– Minimization: ignoring relevant positive events (ex. after
receiving a praise from your manager after a very
important project you have achieved, to say that I did not
do it alone, it was teamwork)
– Personalization: taking responsibility or blame for events
that are unconnected to the person (Ex, when you see
your boyfriend/girlfriend is upset or angry, to think that it is
becauseChapter
Startof something I did)© 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright
Believing
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): action
therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome
problems by learning to think more rationally and
logically
• Has three basic elements
1. Cognitions affect behaviour
2. Cognition can be changed
3. Behaviour change can result from cognitive
change
Chapter
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Video
Chapter
Effective Treatment of Panic Disorder Using
CBT Video
Chapter
Believing
• Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT):
cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are
directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped
to restructure their thinking into more rational belief
statements
• Proposed by Albert Ellis
• Clients taught to challenge irrational, all-or-nothing
beliefs;
- Everyone should love and approve me
- When things do not go the way I planned it is terrible
https://youtu.be/OqZ-fjOLK6o?si=gAtOvXw1k0QWTIey
Chapter
Believing
Chapter
Believing
• Evaluation of Cognitive and Cognitive-
Behavioral Therapies
– CBT has been used with considerable success in
the treatment of many types of disorders
 Depression
 Stress disorders
 Anxiety
 Insomnia
 Eating disorders
– CBT has been criticized for focusing on the
symptoms, not the causes, of disordered behavior
Chapter
Table: Characteristics of Psychotherapies
Type of Therapy (Key People) Goal Methods
Psychodynamic therapy (Freud) Insight Aims to reveal unconscious conflicts through
dream interpretation, free association,
resistance and transference
Humanistic therapy Insight Non-directive therapy; client does most of the
Person-centered therapy talking; key elements are authenticity,
(Rogers) unconditional positive regard, and empathy.
Gestalt therapy (Perls) Directive therapy; therapist uses leading
questions and role-playing to help client accept
all parts of their feelings and experiences
Behavior therapy (Watson, Action Based on principles of classical and operant
Jones, Skinner, Bandura) conditioning; aimed at changing behavior
without concern for causes of behavior
Cognitive therapy (Beck) Action Aims to help clients overcome problems by
CBT (various professionals) learning to think more rationally and logically
REBT (Ellis) Clients are challenged in their irrational beliefs
and helped to restructure their thinking
Chapter
Group Therapies: Not Just for the
Shy
• Group therapy: form of therapy or treatment during
which a small group of clients with similar concerns
meet together with a therapist to address their issues
- Therapist may use either psychological theraphy but
person-centered, Gestalt and behaviour therapies seem
to work better
- Group structures may vary; small groups related, groups
of unrelated etc
Chapter
Types of Group Therapies
• Family counseling (family therapy): family

members meet together with a counselor or therapist
to resolve problems that affect the entire family
- Family member may include grandparents, aunts, in-
laws as well as core family (family is a system/unit)
- The goal is to discover unhealthy ways in which
family members interact and change those ways to
healthier, to increase intimacy, to help them to find
better ways to solve problems
Chapter
In family therapy, a therapist will often meet with the entire family in the effort to identify what
aspects of the family dynamic are contributing to a problem, such as conflict between different family
members.
Source: JodiJacobson/E+/Getty Images.

Chapter
• Self-help group (support group): a group
composed of people who have similar problems
and who meet together without a therapist or
counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem
solving, and social and emotional support
- A person with that problem can truly understand
them
- Some examples are Alcoholics Anonymous,
Overeaters Anonymous, Narcotic Anonymous
Chapter
In self-help groups, the person or persons leading a group are not specialists or therapists but just
members of the group. They often have the same problem as all of the other people in the room,
which is the strength of this type of program—people may be more likely to trust and open up to
someone who has struggled as they have.
Source: ESB Professional/Shutterstock.
Chapter
Evaluation of Group Therapy
• Group therapy most useful to persons those who

cannot afford individual therapy
• Clients in group therapy often obtain a great deal
of social and emotional support from other group
members

Chapter
Evaluation of Group Therapy
• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
– Low cost – Need to share the
– Offers social therapist’s time with
interaction with others others in the group
– Social and emotional – Lack of a private setting
support from people in which to reveal
with similar disorders concerns
or problems – Inability of people with
severe disorders to
tolerate being in a group
Chapter
Biomedical Therapies
•Biomedical therapies: therapies that directly

affect the biological functioning of the body and
brain; therapies for mental disorders in which a
person with a problem is treated with biological
or medical methods to relieve symptoms
–Drug therapy
–Shock therapy
–Surgical treatments
–Noninvasive stimulation techniques
Chapter
Psychopharmacology
• Psychopharmacology: the use of drugs to control

or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
• There are 4 basic categories of drugs to treat

psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, manic phase of
mood disorders and depression;
- Antipsychotic Drugs
- Antianxiety Drugs
- Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
- Antidepressant Drugs
Chapter
Psychopharmacology
• Psychopharmacology (continued)
– Antipsychotic drugs: used to treat psychotic

symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other
bizarre behavior
▪ first-generation, or typical antipsychotics
▪ second-generation or atypical antipsychotics
They block certain dopamine receptors in the brain

Chapter
Psychopharmacology
• Psychopharmacology (continued)
– Antianxiety drugs: used to treat and calm anxiety
reactions
▪ Typically minor tranquilizers
– Mood-stabilizing drugs: used to treat bipolar disorder
▪ Include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs
– Antidepressant drugs: used to treat depression and
anxiety
– monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
– tricyclic antidepressants
– selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
•Combining psychotherapy with medical therapy is more

effective approach to treatment of many disorders
Chapter
Table: Types of Drugs Used in
Psychopharmacology
Classification Treatment Side Effects Examples
Areas
Antipsychotic: Positive (excessive) Motor problems, tardive chlorpromazine (Thorazine), haloperidol
Typical symptoms such as dyskinesia (Haldol), loxapine (Loxitane)
antipsychotic delusions or
hallucinations
Antipsychotic: Positive and some Fewer than typical aripiprazole (Abilify), clozapine
Atypical negative symptoms antipsychotic; clozapine (Clozaril), lurasidone (Latuda),
antipsychotic of psychoses may cause serious olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine
blood disorders (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal)
Antianxiety: Symptoms of Slight sedative effect; alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam
Benzodiazepines anxiety and phobic potential for physical (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium),
reactions dependence lorazepam (Ativan)
Antianxiety: Atypical Symptoms of Sedation, blurred vision, buspirone (Buspar), eszopiclone

and anxiety dizziness, (Lunesta), hydroxine (Atarax, Vistaril),
nonbenzodiazepines, nausea zaleplon (Sonata), zolpidem (Ambien)
other agents
Mood Manic behavior Potential for toxic lithium; some anticonvulsant drugs
stabilizers/bipolar or bipolar buildup (carbamazepine/Tegretol, divalproex/
medications
depression Depakote, lamotrigine/Lamictal), some
atypical antipsychotics
Chapter
Table: Types of Drugs Used in
Psychopharmacology
Classification Treatment Side Effects Examples
Areas
Antidepressants: Depression Weight gain, constipation, dry isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine
MAOIs mouth, dizziness, headache, (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate)
drowsiness, insomnia, some
sexual arousal disorders
Antidepressants: Depression Skin rashes, blurred vision, amitriptyline (Elavil), clomipramine
Tricyclics lowered blood pressure, weight (Anafranil), desipramine
loss (Norpramin),
imipramine (Tofranil), nortriptyline
(Pamelor)
Antidepressants: Depression Nausea, nervousness, citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram
SSRIs insomnia, diarrhea, rash, (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac),
agitation, some sexual arousal paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft)
problems
Antidepressants: Depression Anxiety, insomnia, nausea, bupropion (Welbutrin),
Atypical, SNRIs, headache, duloxetine
NRIs
sedation, dizziness, weight (Cymbalta), mirtazapine
gain (Remeron),
venflaxine (Effexor)
Chapter
ECT and Psychosurgery
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): biomedical

treatment in which electrodes are placed on either
one or both sides of a person’s head and an
electric current strong enough to cause a seizure
or convulsion is passed through the electrodes
– Still used to treat severe depression
– Side effects include memory disruption

Chapter
Electroconvulsive Therapy Video
Chapter
ECT and Psychosurgery
• Psychosurgery: surgery performed on brain

tissue to relieve or control severe psychological
disorders; used as a last resort
– Prefrontal lobotomy: the connections of prefrontal lobes
of the brain to the rear portions are severed
– Transorbital lobotomy: instrument inserted through
back of eye socket to sever brain fibers
– Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: uses magnetic
resonance imaging to guide electrodes to cingulate
gyrus
Chapter
What Is Psychosurgery? Video
Chapter
Emerging Techniques
• Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) strategies

• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS):
magnetic pulses are applied to the cortex
• Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): uses
scalp electrodes to pass very low amplitude direct
currents to the brain
• Invasive strategies
– Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Chapter
Emerging Techniques
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an

invasive procedure, and
sometimes used when all other
treatment options have failed. It
involves the implantation of a pulse
generator, a device that will send
electric stimulation to specific
areas of the brain.
Source: Medical Body Scans/Science

History Images/Alamy Stock Photo.
Chapter
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Psychology

Sixth Edition, Global Edition

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Click on the link to return to the Learning Objectives.

Click on the link to return to the Learning Objectives.

Source: Katarzyna Biatasiewicz/123RF.

- conscious, subjective experience of emotion and people’s

• Two most common humanistic therapies are;

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Source: Mark Bowden/123RF

‒ founder of gestalt theraphy is Fritz Perls

- The gestalt philosophy rejects the notion that any one

Source: Lee Wonyop/TongRo Images/Alamy Stock Photo

• Early studies of humanistic therapies relied heavily on case

• Humanistic therapies have been used to treat

• Tend to work best with intelligent, highly verbal persons

• Behavior therapies: action therapies based on

Click on the link to return to the Learning Objectives.

- Through classical conditioning, old and undesirable

- There are several techniques developed using classical

• Aversion therapy: form of behavioral therapy in

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Source: Z2A1/Alamy Stock Photo.

• Modeling: learning through the observation and

Source: Jamie Grill/JGI/Getty Images

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Click on the link to return to the Video Directory.

• Family counseling (family therapy): family

Source: JodiJacobson/E+/Getty Images.

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Source: ESB Professional/Shutterstock.

• Group therapy most useful to persons those who

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•Biomedical therapies: therapies that directly

• Psychopharmacology: the use of drugs to control

• There are 4 basic categories of drugs to treat

– Antipsychotic drugs: used to treat psychotic

They block certain dopamine receptors in the brain

Click on the link to return to the Learning Objectives.

•Combining psychotherapy with medical therapy is more

Antianxiety: Atypical Symptoms of Sedation, blurred vision, buspirone (Buspar), eszopiclone

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): biomedical

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Click on the link to return to the Video Directory.

• Psychosurgery: surgery performed on brain

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• Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) strategies

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an

Source: Medical Body Scans/Science

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