MODULACIÓ

N QAM
MODULACIÓN QAM
Llamada también modulación por amplitud en cuadratura, es una técnica de modulación
digital en la que la información va ser modulada tanto en la amplitud como en fase.
La señal portadora va a ser modificada en amplitud y fase desfasada en 90°, conjuntamente
para dar lugar a la salida analógica QAM.
Esta compuesta por la suma lineal de dos líneas previamente moduladas.
MODULACIÓN QAM
Permite que dos señales provenientes de dos fuentes diferentes, pero con ancho de
banda similares, ocupen el mismo ancho de banda de trasmisión.
Si dos señales I(t) y Q(t), modulan dos señales portadoras con la misma frecuencia,
una desfasada en 90°, mediante el uso de moduladores de producto la señal será:

Usando la trasformada de Fourier sobre la expresión de la señal s(t), se tiene:

Donde son las transformadas de Fourier o representaciones en el dominio

frecuencial de respectivamente.
TRANSMISOR 8-QAM
La modulación de amplitud en cuadratura es una forma de modulación digital, donde
la información digital esta contenida tanto en la amplitud como en la fase de la
portadora trasmitida.
8-QAM es una técnica de codificación M-aria en el que M=8. La señal de salida de un
modulador 8-QAM no es una señal de amplitud constante.
Tener en cuenta que también en este caso podremos tener 8 posibles salidas ante 3
bist de entrada.
DIAGRAMA DE BLOQUES DE UN TRASMISOR 8-QAM
TRANSMISOR 8-QAM
Tabla de verdad convertidores de 2 a 4 niveles.

 Los bits I y Q determinan la polaridad de la señal PAM en la salida de los

convertidores de 2 a 4 niveles.
 El canal C determina la magnitud en la salida de los convertidores.
 Su polaridad depende del estado lógico de los bits I y Q.
 La separación angular entre fasores es de 90° y entre el eje y el fasor es de 45°.
CONSTELACIÓN DE PUNTOS
La constelación de puntos de modulación QAM se encuentra en el plano complejo.
El numero de puntos en la constelación determina la cantidad de bits de datos que
se pueden trasmitir por símbolo.
Cuantos mas puntos haya en la constelación, mayor será la eficiencia espectral de la
modulación, sin embargo, también aumentara la sensibilidad al ruido.
Maybe you need two columns

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest planet to Venus has a beautiful name and is
the Sun and the smallest one in the second planet from the Sun.
the Solar System—it’s only a bit It’s hot and has a poisonous
larger than the Moon atmosphere
Here are three important ideas

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
Divide the content in four ideas

Mars Venus
Despite being red, Mars is Venus has extremely high
actually a cold place temperatures

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and
of them all has several rings
Here are six important ideas

Mars Venus Neptune

Despite being red, Mars is Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
actually a cold place temperatures planet from the Sun

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest planet
planet to the Sun several rings of them all
Awesome
words
 “This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader get
inspired”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a thousand words
Did you know this?

Jupiter is the biggest planet Neptune is the farthest

in our system
Mercury planet from the Sun

Earth is the third planet Mercury is the closest

from the Sun
Neptune planet to the Sun

Uranus is the seventh planet Venus is the second planet

from the sun
Jupiter from the Sun

Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is a gas giant and it

actually a cold place
Uranus has several rings
You can use a comparison table

Telecom tower Telecom tower Telecom tower

01 02 03

Features ● Jupiter ● Venus ● Neptune

● Mars ● Mercury ● Uranus
● Earth ● Saturn ● Moon

Description Jupiter is the biggest Mercury is the smallest Despite being red, Mars
planet in the entire Solar planet in the Solar is actually a cold place
System System
A picture
always
reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate it
02
Section
name
You can enter a subtitle here
if you need it
Five concepts

01 02 03
Mars Venus Neptune
Despite being red, Mars is Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
actually a cold place temperatures planet from the Sun

04 05
Mercury Saturn
Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant with
planet to the Sun several rings
4,498,300
Big numbers catch your audience’s
attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
You can use an infographic
Venus is the second planet Saturn is composed of Despite being red, Mars is
from the Sun hydrogen and helium actually a cold place

Venus Saturn Mars

Jupiter Earth Neptune

Jupiter is the biggest Earth is the planet where Neptune is the farthest
planet of them all we all live on planet from the Sun
Let’s use some percentages

25% 50% 75%

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
This is a diagram
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest planet in Venus is terribly hot, even
the Solar System hotter than Mercury

Mars Mercury
Despite being red, Mars is Mercury is the smallest planet
actually a cold place in the Solar System

Saturn Earth
Saturn is a gas giant and has Earth is the third planet and is
several rings where we all live on
Desktop app
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
Tablet app
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
Smartphone
You can replace the image on the screen with
your own work. Just right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
A timeline always works well

Earth is the third planet Jupiter is a gas giant Despite being red,
from the Sun and the and the biggest planet Venus has a beautiful Mars is actually a cold
only one that harbors in the entire Solar name and is the second place. It's full of iron
life System planet from the Sun oxide dust

01 02 03 04
This is a map

Mercury Mars Jupiter Venus

It’s the closest planet to Despite being red, Mars Jupiter is the biggest Venus is the second one
the Sun is a cold place planet of them all from the Sun
Another timeline

1 2 3
Mercury is the smallest Venus is very hot, even hotter Despite being red, Mars is
planet of them all than Mercury actually a cold place

● Venus is a hot planet ● Mercury is very small ● Jupiter is a big planet

● Earth has human life ● Mars is a red planet ● Saturn is a gas giant
● Neptune is very big ● We all live on Earth ● Pluto is a dwarf planet
This is a graph

Neptune
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun

Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Tables represent your data

01 Venus Venus is very hot, even hotter than Mercury Yes

02 Saturn Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Yes

03 Jupiter Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all No

04 Earth Earth is the planet where we all live on Yes

05 Mars Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Yes

And another graph

20% 30% 50%

Jupiter Neptune Mercury

Jupiter is the biggest Neptune is the Mercury is the
planet farthest planet smallest planet

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
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