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WiMAX
WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access,

is a wireless Internet service designed to cover wide
geographical areas serving large number of users at low cost.
WiMAX is the synonym given to the IEEE 802.16 standard

defining wide area wireless data networking .
Typical Network Ranges
Wide Area Network

WAN
IEEE 802.16e
IMT-2000(3G)
Metropolitan Area Network (Nationwide)
MAN
IEEE 802.16-2004
ETSI HiperMAN/WiMAX
(50 Km)
LAN
IEEE 802.11 (a,b,g)
(150 m)
Local Area Network PAN

IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth
(10m)
Personal Area Network

A WiMAX system consists of two parts :
• A Transmitter
A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area – as big as 3,000
sq. miles
• A Receiver
The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card or they could built
into a laptop as the way Wi-Fi access is today.
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
HOW DOES IT WORK ?
• WiMAX uses microwave radio technology to connect computers to the
internet in place of wired connections such as DSL or cable modems.
• It works very much like cell phone technology in that reasonable

proximity to a base station is required to establish a data link to the
Internet.
• Users within 3 to 5 miles of the base station will be able to establish a

link using NLOS technology with data rates as high as 75 Mbps.
• Users up to 30 miles away from the base staion with an antenna mounted
for LOS to the base station will be able to connect at data rates
approaching 280 Mbps.
Forms of Wireless Service
• NLOS (Non Line of Sight)

Wi-Fi sort of service
• LOS ( Line of Sight)

WiMAX
Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX

(IEEE 802.16-2004) (IEEE 802.16e)
Ex: ETSI HiperMAN Ex: WiBro
• Optimized for Fixed and • Optimized for Portable and

nomadic applications mobile applications in NLOS
in LOS and NLOS environment
environment
• Sub 6 GHz bands
• 10-66 GHz licensed
frequency bands (LOS)
• Licensed and license-

exempt sub 11 GHz bands
(LOS & NLOS)
Central Office,
Network Management,
VOIP Server etc.
Customer Premise Equipment
Traffic
Aggregation PtP Wireless
Backhaul
Wireless PMP Access
Base Station
IEEE 802.16
• Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System
MAC and PHY specifications for 10-66 GHZ (LOS)
• One PHY: Single Carrier
• Connection oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC, QOS, Privacy
IEEE 802.16 a
• Amendment to 802.16, MAC Modifications and additional PHY Specifications for
2-11 Ghz (NLOS)
• Three PHYs: OFDM, OFDMA, Single Carrier
• Additional MAC functions: OFDM and OFDMA PHY support, Mesh topology
support, ARQ
IEEE 802.16d
• Combines both IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a
• Some modifications to the MAC and PHY
IEEE 802.16e
• Amendment to 802.16-2004
• MAC modifications for limited mobility
The different flavors of WiMAX
802.16 a 802.16 REVd 802.16 e
Fixed Outdoor Fixed Outdoor Limited Mobility
Applications Applications Applications
• E1/T1 service for • Indoor Broadband access • “Portable” Broadband

enterprises for residential users access for consumers
• Backhaul for ( High Speed Internet,
Hotspots VoIP,…) • Always Best Connected
• Limited residential
Broadband access
CPE CPE CPE
• External box • External box connected • PC Card

connected to PC with to PC with built-in antenna
outside antenna
System for 802.16 WiMAX
A TYPICAL WiMAX AND WiLAN DEPLOYMENT
Non-Line-of-sight, point-to-multipoint
Non-line-of-sight, Or point-to-point backhaul : 802.16a
Point-to-multipoint: 802.16a
802.11
Telco core network or

Private (fiber) network
Access Point Internet Backbone

WiMAX Point-To-Point
backhaul
WiMAX PTP
backhaul
ISP PoP
Wi-Fi Hotspots
Point to
Multipoint
application
WiMAX point-to-multipoint
Wire line or Wireless ISP PoP

backhaul
WiMAX Base Station
Homes with outdoor/indoor

WiMAX receiver
WiMAX as the backbone of meshed networks
WiMAX may enjoy a complementary relationship with Wi-Fi due to differences in the
reach of each of the networks . WiMAX connections can be used to provide backhaul
connections to Wi-Fi hotspots over longer distances. WiMAX could also play a key
role in connecting Wi-Fi hotspots in a mesh-type network to quickly increase
coverage and capacity.
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
Factors affecting WiMAX performance
(throughput and range)
• Frequency Band on which it is operating
• Channel Bandwidth
• Duplexing Scheme (TDD or FDD)
• Modulation (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM) and Code Rate
• Antenna Types
• Whether LOS or NLOS
•Transmit Power
• Receiver Sensitivity
• The no. of users per base station sector.

Relationship with other Wireless Technologies
3G Mobile-Fi Wi-Fi WiMAX
Max. Speed 2 Mbps 16 Mbps 54 Mbps 100 Mbps
Coverage Several Miles Several Miles 300 feet 50 miles
Airwave Licensed Licensed Unlicensed Either
Advantages Range, Speed, Speed, Price Speed, Range

Mobility Mobility
Disadvantages Slow, High Price Short Range Interference

Expensive issues
Security Issue
• Every WiMAX traffic is encrypted using DES (Data Encryption Standard) or

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for securing its transmission over the air.
• The encryption keys are distributed from the BS to the SSs using PKM ( Privacy
Key Management) protocol to ensure that only authorized SSs can receive the keys.
• Every WiMAX user device is authenticated using a digital certificate or SIM

( Subscriber Identity Module).
This way, WiMAX keeps user traffic from eavesdropping and protects operator or
service provider from becoming a victim of bandwidth theft by unauthorized users.
USES
1) Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other

parts of the internet.
2) Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last

km broadband access.
3) Providing a high-speed mobile data and telecommunications

services (4G).
4) Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as a

part of business continuity plan.
5) Providing Nomadic connectivity.

What are the Advantages ?
• A Single WiMAX main Station can serve hundreds of users.
• Endpoints install within days instead of the weeks required for wired
connections.
• Data rates as high as 280 Mbps and distances of 30 miles are possible.
• Users can operate mobile within 3-5 miles of a base station at
data rates up to 75 Mbps.
• No FCC radio licensing is required.
• Less expensive than DSL or coaxial cable.
What are the disadvantages ?
• Line-of-Sight is required for long distance (5-30 mile) connections.

• Heavy rains can disrupt the service.
• Other wireless electronics in the vicinity can interfere with the WiMAX
connection and cause a reduction in data throughput or even a total disconnect.
Advantages over Wi-Fi
The WiMAX specification provides symmetrical bandwidth over many kilometers

and range with stronger encryption and typically less interference. Wi-Fi is short
range has WEP or WPA encryption and suffers from interference as in
metropolitan areas there are many users.
The fastest Wi-Fi connection can transmit up to 54 Megabits per second under
optimal conditions. WiMAX can handle up to 70 Megabits per second.
The biggest difference isn’t speed; its distance. WiMAX outdistances Wi-Fi by
miles.
Analysis
WiMAX is not competing other, it is wireless cable replacement technology, which
competes with wired operators.

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WiMAX

WiMAX or Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access,

WiMAX is the synonym given to the IEEE 802.16 standard

Wide Area Network

Local Area Network PAN

Personal Area Network

• It works very much like cell phone technology in that reasonable

• Users within 3 to 5 miles of the base station will be able to establish a

• NLOS (Non Line of Sight)

• LOS ( Line of Sight)

Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX

• Optimized for Fixed and • Optimized for Portable and

• Licensed and license-

802.16 a 802.16 REVd 802.16 e

Fixed Outdoor Fixed Outdoor Limited Mobility

Applications Applications Applications

• E1/T1 service for • Indoor Broadband access • “Portable” Broadband

CPE CPE CPE

• External box • External box connected • PC Card

Telco core network or

Access Point Internet Backbone

Wire line or Wireless ISP PoP

WiMAX Base Station

Homes with outdoor/indoor

• Frequency Band on which it is operating

• Duplexing Scheme (TDD or FDD)

• Modulation (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM) and Code Rate

• Whether LOS or NLOS

• The no. of users per base station sector.

3G Mobile-Fi Wi-Fi WiMAX

Max. Speed 2 Mbps 16 Mbps 54 Mbps 100 Mbps

Coverage Several Miles Several Miles 300 feet 50 miles

Airwave Licensed Licensed Unlicensed Either

Advantages Range, Speed, Speed, Price Speed, Range

Disadvantages Slow, High Price Short Range Interference

• Every WiMAX traffic is encrypted using DES (Data Encryption Standard) or

• Every WiMAX user device is authenticated using a digital certificate or SIM

1) Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other

2) Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last

3) Providing a high-speed mobile data and telecommunications

4) Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as a

5) Providing Nomadic connectivity.

What are the disadvantages ?

• Line-of-Sight is required for long distance (5-30 mile) connections.

The WiMAX specification provides symmetrical bandwidth over many kilometers

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